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GCSE Biology- AQA > Topic 1- Cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1- Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are all living things made up of?

A

cells

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2
Q

What if the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?

A

the prokaryotic cell has no neucleus

Prokaryote is simpler

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3
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

To contain genetic material that controlling the activities the cell

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4
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

The site where most chemical reactions happen

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5
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

To hold the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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6
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

to help with aerobic respiration

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7
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

To make proteins via protein synthasis

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8
Q

What type of cell are bacteria?

A

prokaryotes

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9
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

image size/real size

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10
Q

Does a bacterial cell have a nucleus?

A

no

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11
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

a circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

Do bacteria have mitochondria or chloroplasts?

A

no

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13
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

where photosynthesis occurs. they make the food for the plant

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14
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

a process where cells become specialised

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15
Q

What are sperm cells specialised for?

A

reproduction- streamlined head and ling tail

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16
Q

What are nerve cells specialised for?

A

rapid signalling- long and have branched connections

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17
Q

What are muscle cells specialised for?

A

contraction- long so they have space to contract

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18
Q

What are root hair cells specialised for?

A

absorbing water and minerals- big surface area

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19
Q

What are phloem and xylem cells specialised for?

A

transporting substances-long and hollow

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20
Q

What do chromosomes do?

A

contain genetic information

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21
Q

Why do we have 23 pairs of chromosomes?

A

Because we have one from the father and one from the mother

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22
Q

What is the function of the cell cycle?

A

make new cells for growth, development and repair

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23
Q

What is mitosis?

A

the stage in the cell cycle where the cell divides

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24
Q

How many stages are there in the cell cycle?

A

2

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25
Q

What happens in the growth and DNA replication stage?

A

cell grows and duplicates its DNA

increases sub cellular structures like mitochondria and ribosommes

26
Q

What are the stages of Mitosis?

A

chromosones line up
cell fibres pull them apart
membarnes form about each set of chromosones
cytoplasm and membrane divide

27
Q

How do prokaryotic cells divide?

A

By binary fission

28
Q

What occurs in binary fission?

A

plasmids replicate
strands move to opposite poles
cytoplasm begins to divide
2 daughter cells are produced

29
Q

A bacterial cell has a mean division time of 30 mins. how many times will it divide in 3 hours?

A

3 x 60= 180

180/30=6 times

30
Q

What temperature do we culture microorganisms at?

A

25 degrees

31
Q

what are embryonic stem cells?

A

cells that can turn into many different types of cells

32
Q

Where do we find stem cells?

A

human embryos

33
Q

Can adult stem cells turn into any type of cell?

A

no

34
Q

What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?

A

Embryonic can turn into any type of cell

Adult cant

35
Q

How could adult stem cells be used in medicine?

A

bone marrow cells can replace faulty blood cells

36
Q

How could embryonic stem cells be used in medicine?

A

to make insulin producing cells for diabetics

37
Q

Why are some people against stem cell research?

A

because they feel human embryos are potential human life and shouldn’t be used for experiments

38
Q

How can stem cells be used in plants?

A

to produce identical plants for farmers and help grow rare species

39
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants?

A

the merristem

40
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

41
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration to low concentration across a partially permeable membrane

42
Q

What is active transport?

A

where substances are absorbed against the concentration gradient

43
Q

What will happen in diffusion if there is a bigger concentration gradient?

A

the diffusion rate will increase

44
Q

Does diffusion work in solids and liquids?

A

Solids- no

Liquids- yes

45
Q

What type of molecules can diffuse through cell membranes?

A

small molocules

46
Q

Can oxygen diffuse?

A

yes

47
Q

Can starch and proteins diffuse?

A

no`

48
Q

What type of processes are osmosis and diffusion?

A

passive

49
Q

What type of molecules move in osmosis?

A

water molocules

50
Q

is energy required for active transport?

A

yes

51
Q

Where is active transport used?

A

in the gut when there is a lower concentration of nutrients in the gut but a higher concentration in the blood

52
Q

what do cells use diffusion for?

A

to take in and remove waste products

53
Q

What is a surface area to volume ratio?

A

a measure of how easy it is for an organism to exchange substances with its environment

54
Q

How are exchange surfaces adapted for maximum effectiveness?

A

thin membrane
large surface area
lots of blood vessels
well ventilated

55
Q

What is the surface area to volume ratio like on single celled organisms?

A

large

56
Q

What is the surface area to volume ratio on multi cellular organisms?

A

small so specialist structures are needed

57
Q

What is the function of the lungs?

A

To transfer oxygen to the blood and remove waste carbon dioxide

58
Q

How are alveoli adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

alveoli have….
>enormous surface area
>Moist lining

59
Q

How is the small intestine adapted?

A

good blood supply

villi have a large surface area for food to be absorbed more quickly

60
Q

How are leafs adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

stomata open and close

large surface area

61
Q

How are fish gills adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

gill filaments provide a large surface area
lots of blood capilaries speed up diffusion
high concentration gradient ensures as much as possible is absorbed

GCSE Biology- AQA (7 decks)

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