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GCSE Biology- AQA > Topic 1- Cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1- Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are all living things made up of?

A

cells

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2
Q

What if the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?

A

the prokaryotic cell has no neucleus

Prokaryote is simpler

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3
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

To contain genetic material that controlling the activities the cell

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4
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

The site where most chemical reactions happen

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5
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

To hold the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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6
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

to help with aerobic respiration

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7
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

To make proteins via protein synthasis

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8
Q

What type of cell are bacteria?

A

prokaryotes

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9
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

image size/real size

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10
Q

Does a bacterial cell have a nucleus?

A

no

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11
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

a circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

Do bacteria have mitochondria or chloroplasts?

A

no

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13
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

where photosynthesis occurs. they make the food for the plant

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14
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

a process where cells become specialised

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15
Q

What are sperm cells specialised for?

A

reproduction- streamlined head and ling tail

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16
Q

What are nerve cells specialised for?

A

rapid signalling- long and have branched connections

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17
Q

What are muscle cells specialised for?

A

contraction- long so they have space to contract

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18
Q

What are root hair cells specialised for?

A

absorbing water and minerals- big surface area

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19
Q

What are phloem and xylem cells specialised for?

A

transporting substances-long and hollow

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20
Q

What do chromosomes do?

A

contain genetic information

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21
Q

Why do we have 23 pairs of chromosomes?

A

Because we have one from the father and one from the mother

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22
Q

What is the function of the cell cycle?

A

make new cells for growth, development and repair

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23
Q

What is mitosis?

A

the stage in the cell cycle where the cell divides

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24
Q

How many stages are there in the cell cycle?

A

2

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25
What happens in the growth and DNA replication stage?
cell grows and duplicates its DNA | increases sub cellular structures like mitochondria and ribosommes
26
What are the stages of Mitosis?
chromosones line up cell fibres pull them apart membarnes form about each set of chromosones cytoplasm and membrane divide
27
How do prokaryotic cells divide?
By binary fission
28
What occurs in binary fission?
plasmids replicate strands move to opposite poles cytoplasm begins to divide 2 daughter cells are produced
29
A bacterial cell has a mean division time of 30 mins. how many times will it divide in 3 hours?
3 x 60= 180 | 180/30=6 times
30
What temperature do we culture microorganisms at?
25 degrees
31
what are embryonic stem cells?
cells that can turn into many different types of cells
32
Where do we find stem cells?
human embryos
33
Can adult stem cells turn into any type of cell?
no
34
What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?
Embryonic can turn into any type of cell | Adult cant
35
How could adult stem cells be used in medicine?
bone marrow cells can replace faulty blood cells
36
How could embryonic stem cells be used in medicine?
to make insulin producing cells for diabetics
37
Why are some people against stem cell research?
because they feel human embryos are potential human life and shouldn't be used for experiments
38
How can stem cells be used in plants?
to produce identical plants for farmers and help grow rare species
39
Where are stem cells found in plants?
the merristem
40
What is diffusion?
the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
41
What is Osmosis?
osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration to low concentration across a partially permeable membrane
42
What is active transport?
where substances are absorbed against the concentration gradient
43
What will happen in diffusion if there is a bigger concentration gradient?
the diffusion rate will increase
44
Does diffusion work in solids and liquids?
Solids- no | Liquids- yes
45
What type of molecules can diffuse through cell membranes?
small molocules
46
Can oxygen diffuse?
yes
47
Can starch and proteins diffuse?
no`
48
What type of processes are osmosis and diffusion?
passive
49
What type of molecules move in osmosis?
water molocules
50
is energy required for active transport?
yes
51
Where is active transport used?
in the gut when there is a lower concentration of nutrients in the gut but a higher concentration in the blood
52
what do cells use diffusion for?
to take in and remove waste products
53
What is a surface area to volume ratio?
a measure of how easy it is for an organism to exchange substances with its environment
54
How are exchange surfaces adapted for maximum effectiveness?
thin membrane large surface area lots of blood vessels well ventilated
55
What is the surface area to volume ratio like on single celled organisms?
large
56
What is the surface area to volume ratio on multi cellular organisms?
small so specialist structures are needed
57
What is the function of the lungs?
To transfer oxygen to the blood and remove waste carbon dioxide
58
How are alveoli adapted for efficient gas exchange?
alveoli have.... >enormous surface area >Moist lining
59
How is the small intestine adapted?
good blood supply | villi have a large surface area for food to be absorbed more quickly
60
How are leafs adapted for efficient gas exchange?
stomata open and close | large surface area
61
How are fish gills adapted for efficient gas exchange?
gill filaments provide a large surface area lots of blood capilaries speed up diffusion high concentration gradient ensures as much as possible is absorbed

GCSE Biology- AQA (7 decks)

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