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Biology > Topic 5- Homeostasis And Response > Flashcards

Topic 5- Homeostasis And Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of a constant internal environment to maintain optimum conditions for cellular functions

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2
Q

Give examples of conditions maintained by homeostasis in the body

A

Blood glucose concentration
Body temperature
Water levels

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3
Q

What 2 types of response are used in body control systems

A

Nervous and chemical

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4
Q

What 3 components do all control systems have?

A

Receptors
Effectors
Coordination centres

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5
Q

What does a receptor do?

A

Detects changes in the environment

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6
Q

What do coordination systems do?

A

Obtain and process info from receptors

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7
Q

What do effectors do?

A

Bring about response to stimuli

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8
Q

What is the importance of enzymes in the body?

A

Control cell functioning

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9
Q

What’s the name of the body’s coordination system involving hormones?

A

Endocrine system

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10
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Chemical messenger secreted by a gland.

Travels in blood to target organ

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11
Q

What type of organ secretes hormones?

A

Glands

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12
Q

Which gland controls many other glands?

A

Pituitary gland

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13
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

A
  1. Secretes human growth hormone
  2. Stimulates thyroid gland
  3. Stimulates ovulation and production of oestrogen
  4. Stimulates production of sperm and testosterone
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14
Q

What is the role of the thyroid gland?

A

Secretes hormone thyroxine

Controls metabolism, heart rate, body temp

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15
Q

What is the role of the pancreas?

A

Secrete insulin

Control blood glucose levels

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16
Q

What is the role of the adrenal gland?

A

Secretes adrenaline

Controls body’s fight or flight response

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17
Q

What is the role of the ovaries?

A

Secretes oestrogen

Coordinates menstrual cycle

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18
Q

What is the role of the testes?

A

Secrete testosterone

Coordinates sperm production

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19
Q

Which organ monitors and controls blood glucose concentration?

A

Pancreas

20
Q

How does pancreas respond when blood glucose levels too high?

A

Secretes insulin
Insulin binds to receptors on liver and muscles
Causes excess glucose to be converted to glycogen and stored

21
Q

How does pancreas respond when blood glucose levels are too low?

A

Secretes glucagon
Glucagon binds to liver cells
Glycogen converted into glucose and released into blood

22
Q

How is blood glucose concentration controlled using a negative feedback loop?

A
  1. When concentration raises or falls below optimum, a hormone secreted by pancreas
  2. The action of either hormone (insulin/glucose) brings back concentration to correct level
23
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

When pancreas doesnt produce sufficient insulin to control blood sugar levels
Levels often high- excessive urination, tiredness and weight loss

24
Q

How can type 1 be treated?

A

Insulin injections before meals- glucose into glycogen

Attempts using pancreas transplants

25
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Body cells stop responding to insulin- uncontrolled blood glucose levels. Linked with old age and obesity

26
Q

How can type 2 be treated

A

Carefully controlled diet
Regular exercise
Losing weight

27
Q

What is the function of reproductive hormones during puberty?

A

Males; development of secondary sexual characteristics

Females; development of secondary sexual characteristics and the maturation of eggs

28
Q

What is the main male reproductive hormone?

A

Testosterone

29
Q

What is the main female reproductive hormone?

A

Oestrogen

30
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

Monthly cycle of changes that occur in females involving shedding of the uterus lining and ovulation

31
Q

Describe events of menstrual cycle

A
  1. Uterus lining thickens and eggs mature in ovaries
  2. Egg released form an ovary
  3. Both egg and uterus are shed during menstration
32
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Release of a mature egg from ovaries

33
Q

Name 4 main hormones involved in menstrual cycle

A
  1. Oestrogen
  2. Progesterone
  3. LH (luteinising hormone)
  4. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
34
Q

What is the role of FSH?

A

Secreted by pituitary gland
Controls maturation of eggs within ovaries
Triggers production of oestrogen by ovaries

35
Q

What is the role of oestrogen?

A

Produce by ovaries
Causes regrowth of uterus lining
Triggers LH production and restricts FSH

36
Q

What is the role of LH?

A

Produced in pituitary gland

Triggers ovulation

37
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A

Secreted from follicle of ovary

Sustains uterus lining

38
Q

How do fertility drugs increase the chance of pregnancy?

A

Contain FSH
Stimulate oestrogen production
Contain LH
Triggers ovulation

39
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Type of control where body responds to an increase or decrease in factor by returning it to optimum level

40
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline?

A

Increase in breath and heart rate- oxygen and glucose to body
Dilation of pupils
Increased mental awareness

41
Q

What is IVF?

A
  • mother given FSH and LH- stimulates maturation of eggs and ovulation
  • eggs fertilised using sperm in lab- develop into embryos
  • 1 or 2 inserted into mother’s womb
42
Q

What are 2 advantages of fertility treatment?

A
  • allow infertile couples to have children

- can store a female’s eggs for later

43
Q

What are the disadvantages of fertility treatment?

A
  • can be expensive
  • has low success rate- especially for older couples
  • increases chance of multiple pregnancies- dangerous
  • side effects of fertility drugs
44
Q

What is thyroxine?

A

Released by thyroid gland

Triggered by the TSH. Controls body’s metabolic rate, growth and development

45
Q

How is the release of thyroxine controlled by negative feedback?

A
  • levels of blood thyroxine falls- detected by receptors
  • pituitary releases more TSH
  • more thyroxine produced and released by thyroid gland
  • blood thyroxine levels return to normal

Biology (9 decks)

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