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Biology > Topic 3- Infection And Response > Flashcards

Topic 3- Infection And Response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease-causing microorganism e.g. bacteria

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2
Q

How do bacteria cause disease?

A

Divide rapidly by binary fission. Kill cells and produce harmful toxins

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3
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

Invade + reproduce inside body cells leading to cell damage

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4
Q

Which 3 ways do pathogens spread?

A
  1. Air- droplet infection (cold, flu)
  2. Water- plant diseases (fungal spores)
  3. Direct contact- (plant diseases + STIs)
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5
Q

Give 4 ways in which the spread of pathogens can be reduced

A
  1. Hygiene- hand washing
  2. Isolation
  3. Removing vectors- pesticides
  4. Vaccination
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6
Q

Why is it important to prevent the spread of viral diseases?

A

Scientist haven’t developed cures yet

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7
Q

What is measles?

A

Viral disease causing blindness and brain damage.

Symptoms; fever, red skin rash

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8
Q

How is measles spread?

A

Through air- inhalation of droplets

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9
Q

What is HIV/AIDS

A

HIV- virus that damages immune system

AIDS- condition resulting from long term HIV

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10
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Direct sexual contact and exchange of bodily fluids

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11
Q

How can spread of HIV be prevented?

A

Use of condoms

Not sharing needles

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12
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

Plant pathogen causes leaf discolouration. Affected areas cant photosynthesise

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13
Q

How is tobacco mosaic virus spread?

A

Contact between infected and healthy plants. Insects may act as vectors which transfer virus

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14
Q

What is salmonella?

A

Type of bacteria in raw meat. Affect natural gut bacteria

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever
Abdominal cramping
Vomiting
diarrhoea

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16
Q

How can spread of salmonella be limited?

A

Vaccinating animals
Keep raw meat away from cooked meat
Cook meat

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17
Q

What is gonorrhoea and its symptoms?

A

STI
Yellow discharge from genitals
Painful urination

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18
Q

What is rose back spot?

A

Fungal disease- black spots develop on leaves. Reduces area of leave available for photosynthesis

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19
Q

How is the rose black spot spread?

A

Fungal spores are spread in water

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20
Q

What is malaria?

A

Disease caused by protists pathogens- carried by mosquitoes. Protists enter bloodstream when they feed.

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21
Q

How can spread of malaria be reduced?

A

Using insecticides

Using insect nets

22
Q

How does skin prevent pathogens from entering body?

A

Acts as physical barrier

Scab formation

23
Q

How does the respitory system prevent pathogens from entering body?

A

Nose- hairs and mucus trap pathogens

Trachea + bronchi- mucus traps pathogens

24
Q

How does stomach prevent pathogens infecting body?

A

Secretes hydrochloric acid- kills any pathogens

25
Q

How does phagocytosis protect against disease?

A

White blood cells (phagocytes) ingest and destroy pathogens so they cant infect more cells

26
Q

How does antibody production protect us against disease?

A

WBCs produce antibodies.

Binding of antibodies to antigens causes pathogens to clump together- easier to destroy

27
Q

How does antitoxin production protect us against disease?

A

Bind to toxins released by pathogens and neutralise them

28
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

Contains dead form of pathogen which stimulates WBCs to produce antibodies.
In case of second infection memory cells quickly produce correct antibodies

29
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

If a high proportion of a population are immune to disease the spread will be limited

30
Q

What are the advantages of vaccinations?

A

Eradicated many diseases
Many epidemics can be prevented
Herd immunity protects those who cannot have vaccinations

31
Q

What are the disadvantages of vaccinations?

A

Not guaranteed to work

May be side effects

32
Q

What is the role of antibiotics?

A

Kill bacterial pathogens inside body

33
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

Kill pathogens inside body bot not human cells.

34
Q

Why cant antibiotics be used to treat viral diseases?

A

Have no effect on viral pathogens as they live inside human cells.
Hard to design drugs that would kill virus and not the cell

35
Q

What effect to painkillers have on infectious disease?

A

Only treat the symptoms but don’t kill pathogens

36
Q

What plant is the heart drug digitalis extracted from?

A

Foxgloves

37
Q

What painkiller originates from a compound in willow bark?

A

Aspirin

38
Q

What antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Fleming from a type of mould?

A

Penicillin

39
Q

What are 4 qualities of a good medicine?

A

Effective
Stable
Safe
Able to be taken in and removed easily

40
Q

What 3 factors are tested for when developing new drugs?

A

Toxicity
Efficacy
Dose

41
Q

How is clinical testing carried out?

A

Healthy volunteers and patients. Low doses on healthy people, then on a larger to scale to find optimum dose.

42
Q

What is the difference between a single-blind and a double-blind trial?

A

Single blind- only doctor knows whether patient is receiving drug or placebo
Double blind- neither know- helps remove bias

43
Q

What is a peer review?

A

Results are checked over by scientists knowledgeable in the field

44
Q

How do aphids cause plant damage?

A

Sharp teeth extract sap from phloem-weakens plant.

Vectors- transfer pathogens

45
Q

How can we reduce number of aphids?

A

Chemical pesticides

Biological pest control

46
Q

Why do plants need nitrate ions?

A

Convert sugar into proteins required for plant growth.

47
Q

Why do plants need magnesium ions?

A

Required to synthesise chlorophyll. Leaves cant photosynthesise properly without it.

48
Q

What are the symptoms of disease in plants (3)?

A

Stunted growth
Spotted leaves
Discolouration

49
Q

What 2 ways can a plant be identified?

A

Reference to website or manual

Lab testing

50
Q

What are 3 physical defence responses used by plants?

A

Cellulose cell walls
Tough waxy cuticle on leaves
Outside layer on stems

Biology (9 decks)

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