Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Topic 2- Organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2- Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Group of cells with similar structure and function that work together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to perform a function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the role of the pancreas and salivary glands in digestion

A

Glands that produce juices containing enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the role of the stomach in the digestive system?

A

Produces hydrochloric acid to break down substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of the small intestine?

A

Where soluble food molecules get absorbed into blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the role of the liver?

A

Produces bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of the large intestine?

A

Absorbs water from undigested food and produces faeces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role of enzymes?

A

Act as biological catalysts- speed up breakdown of food without being used up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Sum of all reactions in a cell/organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What types of metabolic reactions do enzymes catalyse?

A
  1. Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones

2. Building large molecules form smaller ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the lock and key hypothesis of enzyme function?

A

The enzyme and substrate can bind together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are the products of digestion used?

A

Build bigger molecules such as proteins. Glucose used in respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is bile made and stored?

A

Made by liver and stored in gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the heart?

A

An organ pumping blood around body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the purpose of the circulatory system?

A

Carries oxygen to bodily tissues and removes waste substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does the double circulatory system work?

A

1 pathway; blood from heart to lungs (exchange of oxygen and CO2)
1 pathway; blood from heart to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does blood pumped by the right ventricle go?

A

Lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where does blood pumped by the left ventricle go?

A

Around body tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is double circulatory system important?

A

Makes system more efficient- oxygenated blood pumped around body at higher pressure from left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

4- left + right ventricle, left + right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is the left ventricle wall thicker?

A

Has to pump blood at a higher pressure around whole body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 4 main blood vessels + their roles?

A
  1. Aorta (left)- oxygenated blood from heart to body
  2. Pulmonary vein (left)- oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
  3. Vena cava (right)- deoxygenated blood from body to heart
  4. Pulmonary artery (right)- deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the purpose of heart valves?

A

Prevent back flow of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the purpose of coronary arteries?
Supply heart with oxygenated blood
26
How is heart rate controlled?
Group of cells in right atrium acting as pacemaker. Release waves of electrical activity which causes the heart muscle to contract.
27
What are the 3 types of blood vessel in the body?
Vein Artery Capillary
28
What are the functions of the 3 types of blood vessel?
Vein- carry blood to heart Artery- carry blood away form heart Capillary- enable transfer of substances between blood and tissues
29
How are the lungs ventilated?
1. Intercostal muscles contract 2. Rib cage moves up and out 3. Diaphragm flattens and chest volume increases 4. Increased volume = decreased pressure 5. Air drawn into lungs down pressure gradient
30
What substance carries different components of blood around body?
Plasma
31
What substances are transported by plasma?
``` RBC WBC Platelets CO2 Urea Products of digestion ```
32
What is plasma?
Yellow liquid in blood that transports substances around body
33
What is the purpose of RBC in blood?
Transport oxygen around body
34
How are red blood cells adapted?
Contain haemoglobin- binds to oxygen No nucleus- more room for haemoglobin Biconcave shape- increased surface area to volume ratio
35
What is the purpose of WBCs?
Form part of immune system- protect body from invading pathogens
36
How are WBCs adapted?
Can produce antibodies Can produce antitoxins Can ingulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis)
37
What is the purpose of platelets?
Aid the clotting of blood at site of wound
38
Why are platelets important?
Red blood cells are trapped in fibrin network. Form a clot to prevent excessive bleeding. Scab prevents bacteria form entering
39
What is coronary heart disease?
Occurs when coronary arteries become blocked with a build up of fatty material. Restricts oxygen supply to heart
40
What is a stent and how does it work?
Metal mesh tube inserted into blocked artery so it remains open. Inflated using balloon
41
What are advantages of stents?
No general anaesthetic | Quick recovery time
42
What are the disadvantages of stents?
Risk of infection | Risk of blood clots at site
43
What are statins?
Drugs that reduce level of cholesterol which contributes to development of CHD
44
What are the advantages of statins?
Reduce risk of strokes, heart attacks and CHD | Increase level of good cholesterol
45
What are the disadvantages of statins?
May nave side effects | May not be immediate
46
What is heart bypass surgery?
Blocked coronary arteries are replaced with sections of veins from other body parts
47
What are the consequences of leaky heart valves?
Blood flows wrong direction- heart less efficient.
48
What types of valves can replace leaky valves?
Mechanical (metal) | Biological (from animals)
49
What is an advantage and a disadvantage of mechanical valves?
1. Last for a long time | 1. Need to take medication to prevent blood clotting around valve
50
What is an advantage and disadvantage of biological valves?
1. Work well- no medication required | 1. Only last 12-15 years
51
What does an artificial heart do?
Support patients heart while waiting for a donor
52
What are the advantages and disadvantages of artificial hearts?
1. Less likely to be rejected by immune system 2. Damaged heart can rest to help recovery 1. Risk of infection from surgery 2. Risk of blood clots
53
What is a communicable disease?
A disease caused by a pathogen which can be passed on
54
How can diet affect health?
Too little food- vitamin deficiency | Too much food- obesity, type 2 diabetes
55
What is a risk factor?
An aspect of someone’s lifestyle or substance in body which can increase risk of disease
56
What is a causal mechanism?
Demonstrates how one factor biologically influences another
57
How does diet affect cardiovascular disease?
High levels of cholesterol- arteries become blocked- increased blood pressure
58
How does smoking affect cardiovascular disease?
Nicotine increases heart rate- other chemicals damage artery lining- increases blood pressure
59
How does exercise affect cardiovascular disease?
Lowers blood pressure- reduces strain on heart
60
How does alcohol affect liver and brain function?
Increases risk of liver cancer | Damages brain tissue and nerve cells
61
How does smoking affect development of lung cancer?
Tar-damages alveoli of lungs- COPD | Tar- damages cells lining lungs- lung cancer
62
How do carcinogens affect development of cancer?
Ionising radiation- mutations in DNA- lead to cancer
63
What is cancer?
Development of tumor as result of uncontrolled cell division
64
What is a benign tumour?
Tumour contained in 1 location Non cancerous and don’t invade other body parts Can grow very large quickly
65
What is a malignant tumour?
Can spread around body via blood and lymphatic system Can invade other tissues Disrupts healthy tissues
66
What factors can lead to cancer?
``` Genetics Smoking Obesity Ionising radiation Viral infections ```
67
How is epidermal tissue adapted?
Covers entire plant | Waxy cuticle helps reduce water loss
68
How is palisade mesophyll adapted?
Contain lots of chloroplasts for fast photosynthesis
69
How is spongy mesophyll adapted?
Lots of air spaces which allow gas to diffuse
70
How is meristem tissue adapted?
Made up of stem cells which differentiate into many different cell types
71
What tissues does the leaf organ contain (in order)?
``` Epidermis Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll Xylem Phloem Guard cells ```
72
How are stomata adapted?
More on base of leaf- minimise water loss as this side is cooler Have guard cells to control
73
What is translocation?
Movement of dissolved sugars from leaves to other parts of plant
74
What is transpiration?
Evaporation of water vapour from surface of plant

Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions