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Biology > Topic 2- Organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2- Organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Group of cells with similar structure and function that work together

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2
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function

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3
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to perform a function

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4
Q

What is the role of the pancreas and salivary glands in digestion

A

Glands that produce juices containing enzymes

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5
Q

What is the role of the stomach in the digestive system?

A

Produces hydrochloric acid to break down substances

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6
Q

What is the role of the small intestine?

A

Where soluble food molecules get absorbed into blood stream

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7
Q

What is the role of the liver?

A

Produces bile

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8
Q

What is the role of the large intestine?

A

Absorbs water from undigested food and produces faeces

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9
Q

What is the role of enzymes?

A

Act as biological catalysts- speed up breakdown of food without being used up

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10
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Sum of all reactions in a cell/organism

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11
Q

What types of metabolic reactions do enzymes catalyse?

A
  1. Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones

2. Building large molecules form smaller ones

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12
Q

What is the lock and key hypothesis of enzyme function?

A

The enzyme and substrate can bind together

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13
Q

How are the products of digestion used?

A

Build bigger molecules such as proteins. Glucose used in respiration

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14
Q

Where is bile made and stored?

A

Made by liver and stored in gallbladder

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15
Q

What is the heart?

A

An organ pumping blood around body

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the circulatory system?

A

Carries oxygen to bodily tissues and removes waste substances

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17
Q

How does the double circulatory system work?

A

1 pathway; blood from heart to lungs (exchange of oxygen and CO2)
1 pathway; blood from heart to tissues

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18
Q

Where does blood pumped by the right ventricle go?

A

Lungs

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19
Q

Where does blood pumped by the left ventricle go?

A

Around body tissues

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20
Q

Why is double circulatory system important?

A

Makes system more efficient- oxygenated blood pumped around body at higher pressure from left ventricle

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21
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

4- left + right ventricle, left + right atrium

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22
Q

Why is the left ventricle wall thicker?

A

Has to pump blood at a higher pressure around whole body

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23
Q

What are the 4 main blood vessels + their roles?

A
  1. Aorta (left)- oxygenated blood from heart to body
  2. Pulmonary vein (left)- oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
  3. Vena cava (right)- deoxygenated blood from body to heart
  4. Pulmonary artery (right)- deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
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24
Q

What is the purpose of heart valves?

A

Prevent back flow of blood

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25
Q

What is the purpose of coronary arteries?

A

Supply heart with oxygenated blood

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26
Q

How is heart rate controlled?

A

Group of cells in right atrium acting as pacemaker. Release waves of electrical activity which causes the heart muscle to contract.

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27
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessel in the body?

A

Vein
Artery
Capillary

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28
Q

What are the functions of the 3 types of blood vessel?

A

Vein- carry blood to heart
Artery- carry blood away form heart
Capillary- enable transfer of substances between blood and tissues

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29
Q

How are the lungs ventilated?

A
  1. Intercostal muscles contract
  2. Rib cage moves up and out
  3. Diaphragm flattens and chest volume increases
  4. Increased volume = decreased pressure
  5. Air drawn into lungs down pressure gradient
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30
Q

What substance carries different components of blood around body?

A

Plasma

31
Q

What substances are transported by plasma?

A 
RBC
WBC
Platelets 
CO2
Urea
Products of digestion
32
Q

What is plasma?

A

Yellow liquid in blood that transports substances around body

33
Q

What is the purpose of RBC in blood?

A

Transport oxygen around body

34
Q

How are red blood cells adapted?

A

Contain haemoglobin- binds to oxygen
No nucleus- more room for haemoglobin
Biconcave shape- increased surface area to volume ratio

35
Q

What is the purpose of WBCs?

A

Form part of immune system- protect body from invading pathogens

36
Q

How are WBCs adapted?

A

Can produce antibodies
Can produce antitoxins
Can ingulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis)

37
Q

What is the purpose of platelets?

A

Aid the clotting of blood at site of wound

38
Q

Why are platelets important?

A

Red blood cells are trapped in fibrin network. Form a clot to prevent excessive bleeding. Scab prevents bacteria form entering

39
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Occurs when coronary arteries become blocked with a build up of fatty material. Restricts oxygen supply to heart

40
Q

What is a stent and how does it work?

A

Metal mesh tube inserted into blocked artery so it remains open. Inflated using balloon

41
Q

What are advantages of stents?

A

No general anaesthetic

Quick recovery time

42
Q

What are the disadvantages of stents?

A

Risk of infection

Risk of blood clots at site

43
Q

What are statins?

A

Drugs that reduce level of cholesterol which contributes to development of CHD

44
Q

What are the advantages of statins?

A

Reduce risk of strokes, heart attacks and CHD

Increase level of good cholesterol

45
Q

What are the disadvantages of statins?

A

May nave side effects

May not be immediate

46
Q

What is heart bypass surgery?

A

Blocked coronary arteries are replaced with sections of veins from other body parts

47
Q

What are the consequences of leaky heart valves?

A

Blood flows wrong direction- heart less efficient.

48
Q

What types of valves can replace leaky valves?

A

Mechanical (metal)

Biological (from animals)

49
Q

What is an advantage and a disadvantage of mechanical valves?

A
  1. Last for a long time

1. Need to take medication to prevent blood clotting around valve

50
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of biological valves?

A
  1. Work well- no medication required

1. Only last 12-15 years

51
Q

What does an artificial heart do?

A

Support patients heart while waiting for a donor

52
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of artificial hearts?

A
  1. Less likely to be rejected by immune system
  2. Damaged heart can rest to help recovery
  3. Risk of infection from surgery
  4. Risk of blood clots
53
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease caused by a pathogen which can be passed on

54
Q

How can diet affect health?

A

Too little food- vitamin deficiency

Too much food- obesity, type 2 diabetes

55
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

An aspect of someone’s lifestyle or substance in body which can increase risk of disease

56
Q

What is a causal mechanism?

A

Demonstrates how one factor biologically influences another

57
Q

How does diet affect cardiovascular disease?

A

High levels of cholesterol- arteries become blocked- increased blood pressure

58
Q

How does smoking affect cardiovascular disease?

A

Nicotine increases heart rate- other chemicals damage artery lining- increases blood pressure

59
Q

How does exercise affect cardiovascular disease?

A

Lowers blood pressure- reduces strain on heart

60
Q

How does alcohol affect liver and brain function?

A

Increases risk of liver cancer

Damages brain tissue and nerve cells

61
Q

How does smoking affect development of lung cancer?

A

Tar-damages alveoli of lungs- COPD

Tar- damages cells lining lungs- lung cancer

62
Q

How do carcinogens affect development of cancer?

A

Ionising radiation- mutations in DNA- lead to cancer

63
Q

What is cancer?

A

Development of tumor as result of uncontrolled cell division

64
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

Tumour contained in 1 location
Non cancerous and don’t invade other body parts
Can grow very large quickly

65
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

Can spread around body via blood and lymphatic system
Can invade other tissues
Disrupts healthy tissues

66
Q

What factors can lead to cancer?

A 
Genetics
Smoking
Obesity
Ionising radiation 
Viral infections
67
Q

How is epidermal tissue adapted?

A

Covers entire plant

Waxy cuticle helps reduce water loss

68
Q

How is palisade mesophyll adapted?

A

Contain lots of chloroplasts for fast photosynthesis

69
Q

How is spongy mesophyll adapted?

A

Lots of air spaces which allow gas to diffuse

70
Q

How is meristem tissue adapted?

A

Made up of stem cells which differentiate into many different cell types

71
Q

What tissues does the leaf organ contain (in order)?

A 
Epidermis 
Palisade mesophyll 
Spongy mesophyll
Xylem 
Phloem 
Guard cells
72
Q

How are stomata adapted?

A

More on base of leaf- minimise water loss as this side is cooler
Have guard cells to control

73
Q

What is translocation?

A

Movement of dissolved sugars from leaves to other parts of plant

74
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Evaporation of water vapour from surface of plant

Biology (9 decks)

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