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Biology > Topic 1- Cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1- Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic, eukaryotic

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2
Q

In what are eukaryotes found?

A

Plant and animal cells

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3
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotic cells are bigger

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus

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4
Q

What does DNA form in the nucleus?

A

Chromosomes

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5
Q

In what can you find prokaryotes

A

Bacteria (single celled organism)

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6
Q

Where is the DNA found in a prokaryote?

A

Chromosomal DNA (single loop)

Plasmid DNA

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7
Q

What feature to some prokaryotes have to help move them around?

A

Flagella (tails)

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls activity, contains genes to build new cells

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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Liquid gel where chemical reactions take place

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10
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls passage into or out of cell

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place (powerhouse of the cell)

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12
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where protein synthesis takes place

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13
Q

Cell wall

A

Strengthens and supports cell

Prevents cell bursting when water enters by osmosis

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14
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Contain chlorophyll and absorbs light for photosynthesis

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15
Q

permanent vacuole

A

In cytoplasm filled with sap, keeps cell rigid

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16
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm

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17
Q

List the components found in both plant and animal cells (5)

A 
Cell membrane
Nucleus 
Cytoplasm 
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
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18
Q

List the components plant cells have that animal cells don’t (3)

A

Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Permanent vacuole

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19
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose

20
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose

21
Q

How are sperm cells specialised?

A

Tail (enables movement)
Mitochondria (provide energy for tail movement)
Haploid nucleus (contains genetic info)
Acrosome (enzymes that digest egg cell membrane)

22
Q

How are nerve cells specialised?

A 
Dendrites (connect to and receive impulses from other nerve cells, muscles + glands)
Long axon (allows electrical impulses to be transmitted all over body from CNS)
23
Q

How are muscles cells specialised ?

A 
Mitochondria (energy for muscles contraction)
Arrangement of protein filaments (slide over each other for muscle contraction)
Merged cells (allow muscle fibre contraction)
24
Q

How are root hair cells specialised?

A 
Large surface area (absorb nutrients and water from surrounding soil)
Thin walls (don’t restrict water absorption)
25
Q

How are xylem cells specialised?

A

No margins between cells (continuous route for water to flow)
Thick side walls (strengthen structure and prevent collapses)

26
Q

How are phloem cells specialised?

A 
Sieve plates (dissolves sugars transported up and down stem)
Companion cells (energy for active transport of substances)
27
Q

What is cell differentiation

A

The process in which cells become specialised

28
Q

Why is cell differentiation important?

A

Allows production of different tissues to do different functions in body

29
Q

When in life do animal cells differentiate

A

Early life

30
Q

When do plant cells differentiate?

A

Throughout their lives

31
Q

What is the purpose of cell division in mature animals?

A

Repair and replacement of cells

32
Q

How do bacteria multiply?

A

Binary fission

33
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

DNA molecules and proteins.

34
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA which codes for a protein

35
Q

How many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a human body cell?

A

46

36
Q

How many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of human gametes?

A

23

37
Q

What are the 3 main stages of the cell cycle?

A
  1. Replication of DNA
  2. Mitosis
  3. Division of cell
38
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A

Produces identical cells with the same genetic info

Produces additional cells for growth and repair

39
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An unspecialised cell which can differentiate into other cell types and self renewal

40
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

41
Q

What 3 factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Concentration gradient
Temperature
Surface area

42
Q

How are singe celled organisms adapted for diffusion

A

Large surface area to volume ratio- maximises rate of diffusion

43
Q

What 4 factors increase effectiveness of gas exchange surface?

A

Large surface area
Thin membrane (short diffusion path)
Efficient blood supply
Ventilation

44
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The net movement of water particles from a diluted solution to a concentrated solutions through a partially permeable membrane

45
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of molecules from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution against a concentration gradient, using energy from respiration

46
Q

How do root hair cells use active transport?

A

Take up mineral ions from a more dilute solution in soils

Biology (9 decks)

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