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Biology > Topic 5-Health, disease and the development of medicines > Flashcards

Topic 5-Health, disease and the development of medicines Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the fourth thing that happens when a pathogen enters the immune system?

A

Some lymphocytes secrete larger amounts of antibodies. The antibodies stick to the antigens and destroy the pathogen.

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2
Q

Why is aseptic technique important when testing the activity of plant substances on bacteria?

A

So the tests do not become contaminated by microorganisms from the air.

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3
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Substances that either kill bacteria or inhibit their cell process which stops them growing or reproducing. Do not help for viruses.

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4
Q

What are vaccines?

A

They contain weakened or inactive pathogens so memory lymphocytes can be formed.

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5
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Molecules on the outer surface of lymphocytes(a type of white blood cell).

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6
Q

What is chalara dieback?

A

A disease of ash trees caused by fungi.

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7
Q

How can the effect of viruses on bacteria be studied?

A

By using bacterial lawn plates which are made with nutrient agar. Clear circles can be seen where bacteria have been killed. You can calculate the cross-sectional area.

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8
Q

How do pregnancy tests work?

A

They detect a hormone by using antibodies made to match the hormone.

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9
Q

What are diseases caused by lifestyle?

A

Disease as a result of how we live our life.

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10
Q

What is the third stage of testing a new medicine?

A

The medicine is tested in a small clinical trial(healthy people and small amount)to check if it is safe and the side effects are small.

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11
Q

What are viruses?

A

They multiply by infecting a cell and taking over the cell’s DNA copying process ti nake new viruses. They are not true organisms as they do not have a cellular structure. All viruses contain one or more strands of geentic material surround by a protein coat or capsid. All viruses are unable to make copies on their own.

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12
Q

What does the ebola virus cause?

A

Breakdown of blood vessels, and liver and kidney cells. This leads to internal bleeding and haemorrhagic fever.

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13
Q

Is the skin a physical barrier?

A

The skin is a physical barrier as pathogens have difficulty getting past it. The skin also has lysozyme on it which is an enzyme that breaks down the cell walls of some bacteria and is a chemical defence as it reacts with substances in the pathogen to kill it or make in inactive.

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14
Q

What is a symptom?

A

A physical or mental feature which is regarded as indicating a condition of disease.

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15
Q

What is the disease linked with the lack of protein?

A

Kwashiorkor can cause an enlarged belly, small muscles and failure to grow properly. To prevent this, foods such as meat, fish, dairy and pulses are good.

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16
Q

What is the disease linked with the lack of iron?

A

Anaemia can cause red blood cells that are smaller than normal and in reduced numbers and tiredness. To prevent this, red meat, dark green leafy vegetables and egg yolks are good.

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17
Q

What is the fifth thing that happens when a pathogen enters the immune system?

A

Other lymphocytes remain in the blood as memory lymphocytes ready to respond immediately if the same pathogen shows up.

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18
Q

What is the first thing that happens when a pathogen enters the immune system?

A

Pathogens have antigens on their surface that are uniquw to them, there is a corresponding antibody on the lymphocytes.

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19
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that cause disease.

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20
Q

What type of fat is linked to cardiovascular disease?

A

Abdominal fat which is why waist to hip ratio is a better method of measuring abdominal fat.

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21
Q

What is social?

A

How well you get on with other people and also how your surroundings affect you.

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22
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

Diseases that cannot spread from person to person such as cancer. Could be caused by fault in genes or a lack of nutrients which can cause a deficiency disease.

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23
Q

What does HIV cause?

A

It attacks and destroys white blood cells in the immune system. People onfected with HIV often develop AIDS because their immune systems cannot protect them from secondary infections.

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24
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies and what is the problem with making them?

A

Large amounts of identical antibodies. They cannot be made with lymphocytes as it can only divide one set of times like one batch so hybridoma cells are used to fix this.

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25
Q

What is TB?

A

A bacteria.

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26
Q

What is a problem with antibiotics?

A

Many kinds of bacteria are developing resistance so they are no longer harmed by the antibiotic.

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27
Q

What is the second stage of testing a new medicine?

A

It will be tested on animals.

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28
Q

If a disease comes back, what happens?

A

The memory lymphocytes cause a much faster secondary response thatt will stop you becoming ill. This means you are immune to that pathogen.

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29
Q

What are physical barriers bad at doing?

A

Protecting against herbivores, including pests such as aphids and caterpillars.

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30
Q

What is the third thing that happens when a pathogen enters the immune system?

A

This lymphocyte then divides over and over again to produce clones of the lymphocytes.

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31
Q

What is mental?

A

Includes how you feel about yourself.

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32
Q

How can cardiovascular diseases be treated apart from advising them to do more exercise and smoke?

A
33
Q

How do ciliated cells help the body?

A

Inside the nose and breathjing tubes the ciliated cells are specialised to move substances such as mucus across their surfaces which helps to carry dust and pathogens away either out the body or into the throat/digestive system.

34
Q

What is a drug?

A

A substance that changed the way the body works.

35
Q

Where else is lysozyme?

A

It is secreted in tears, saliva and in mucus which is a sticky secretion produced by cells lining the many openings such as the mouth and nose. Pathogens get trapped by mucus.

36
Q

Why can distribution analysis be useful?

A
37
Q

What is a physical barrier that plants use to protect themselves?

A

The outer surfaces of leaves are covered in a waxy cuticle which acts as a physical barrier making it difficult for pathogens to get it to the cells beneath. Woody plants like trees also protect their stems with a thick layer of bark.

38
Q

What are cardiovascular diseases?

A

A disease that is the result of the circulatory system functioning poorly. This can lead to high blood pressure and a heart attack.

39
Q

What is HIV?

A

A virus.

40
Q

What is obesity caused by?

A

Malnutrition caused by a diet that is high in sugars and fats, where large amount of fat are formed under the skin and around organs such as the heart and kidneys.

41
Q

What is good hygiene?

A

Keeping things clean to remove or kill pathogens.

42
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies made?

A
43
Q

How does diagnostic testing help in the identification of plant diseases?

A
44
Q

What is health?

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing.

45
Q

Waht does tuberculosis cause and how is it caused?

A

Infection and damage of the lungs resulting in blood specked mucus after coughing, fever and weight loss. It is caused by a bacteria and is airborne.

46
Q

What is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycle?

A

If you do not know watch the video by the amoeaba sisters you retard.

47
Q

What is the equation for BMI?

A

mass/height^^2

48
Q

What are an example of hidden pathogens?

A

Ulcers.

49
Q

What is physical?

A

Being free from disease, eating and sleeping well, get regular activity and limiting the intake of harmful substances.

50
Q

What does cholera cause and what is it caused by?

A

Server diarrhoea. It is caused by a bacteria and is waterborne.

51
Q

Explain the core practical on antibiotics.

A
52
Q
A
53
Q

What is the disease linked with the lack of vitamin C?

A

Scurvy can cause swelling and bleeding gums, muscle and joint paint and tiredness. To prevent this, foods such as citrus fruits and some vegetables are good.

54
Q

What are some of the defences of the reproductive system?

A

Lysozyme in vaginal fluid and mucus. Pathogens overcome these and are transmitted through sexual intercourse anre called STIs. These included HIV and chlamydia which are both spread through contact with sexul fluids(semen or vaginal fluid). Mothers can pass these on to children so condoms can be used to stop spread of infections.

55
Q

How can hydrochloric acid protect the body?

A

Cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid reducing the pH of the stomack contents to abbout 2 which destroys most pathogens and only a few types of bacteria can survive.

56
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

Diseases that can spread from person to person like ebola. Diseases caused by pathogens.

57
Q

What is an example of a medicine that comes from a plant trying to protect itself?

A

Aspirin.

58
Q

What is malaria and was is it caused by?

A

It is caused by a protist which causes fever, weakness and sicknes.

59
Q

What is the fourth stage of testing a new medicine?

A

It is tested in a large clinical trial with many people who havethe disease so the correct amount(the dose)can be figured out and to make sure to check for different side effects in different people.

60
Q

What is ethanol?

A

A drug found in alcohol that is broken down in the liver and a large amount over a long time can cause liver disease such as cirhosis.

61
Q

What is chlamydia?

A

A bacteria.

62
Q

How can having a disease increase the chances of getting another disease?

A

One disease can damage the immune system making it easier for pathogens to cause disease. A disease could damage the body’s natural barriers and defences allowing pathogens to enter the body easier. A disease could stop an organ system from working effectively making other disease more likely to occur.

63
Q

What is the disease linked with the lack of vitamin D and or calcium?

A

Rickets or osteomalacia can lead to soft bones and curved leg bones. To prevent this, oily fish(D) and dairy products(calcium) are good.

64
Q

What are stomach ulcers?

A

A bacteria.

65
Q

What is a chemical barrier plants use?

A

Poison or insect repellents. Some plants produce chemical substances to deter herbivores and pathogens only when they are attacked. Producing these substances takes energy so it must be worth it.

66
Q

Describe the distribution of damaged plants caused by a fungal disease caused by pores in contrast to plants damaged by pests.

A
67
Q
A
68
Q

How is thr malaria protist spread?

A

It is carried in blood by mosquitoes that sucked blood from an infected person. An organism that carry pathogens from one person to another is a vector.

69
Q

What negative effects can smoking cause?

A

Increase in blood pressure, narrowed blood vessels and increases risk of blood clots which can all lead to cardiovascualr disease.

70
Q

What are antigens?

A

Molecules on the outer surfaces of cells and viruses.

71
Q

How can ebola enter the body?

A

Through borken skin or eyes, nose or mouth.

72
Q

What is the second thing that happens when a pathogen enters the immune system?

A

The antigen binds to its corresponding antibody on the lymphocyte which activates it.

73
Q

What is the first step in the development of a new medicine?

A

Pre clinical testing, it is tested on cells or tissues in the lab. This shows if the medicine can ger into the cells and have the required effect. Testing tries to make sure harmful side effects are limited.

74
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

If more people are vaccinated, chances of coming into contact with an infected person is extremely low.

75
Q

How are TB and Fungi spread?

A

Droplets in air for TB and can be spores for fungi.

76
Q

What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies?

A
77
Q

What are some visible features that farmers can observe?

A

Changes in growth, colour or blotching of leaves or leasions(areas of damage)on stems or leaves. Symptons can then be checked against photos or other information to suggest a cause.

78
Q

What is the oral route?

A

Entering through the mouth.

Biology (6 decks)

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