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Biology > Topic 2-Cells and control > Flashcards

Topic 2-Cells and control Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a CT scan?

A

This shows the shape of structures in the brain. An x-ray beam moves in a circle around the head. Detectors measure absorbtion of the x-rays.

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2
Q

What does a PET scan show?

A

A PET scan shows brain activity. The patient is injected with radioactive glucose(more active cells take in more glucose). The radioactive atoms cause gamma rays which the scanner detects. This causes specific areas of the brain to become active.

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3
Q

What does the ciliary muscles do?

A

They make the lens fatter to focus light from near objects and thiner for distant objects.

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4
Q

What is so bad about damage to neurones in the spinal cord?

A

There are no adult stem cells that can differentiate into neurones in the spinal cord.

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5
Q

What is asexual production?

A

When only one parent is needed for production. This means the offspring are clones.

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6
Q

What is a sensory neuron?

A

Carries receptors from receptors to relay neurones.

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7
Q

What are cones?

A

Receptor cells that are sensitive to the colour of light. There are some for red, blue and green. Cones do not work well in dim light.

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8
Q

When does interphase happen?

A

Before the main cycle.

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9
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

The cell grows and makes a copy of it’s DNA.

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10
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A
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11
Q

What is the travelling of impulses called?

A

A neurotransmission.

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12
Q

What are sense organs?

A

They contain receptor cells that detect stimuli.

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13
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

It controls balance and posture. It also coordinates the timing and fine control of muscle activity. This makes sure movements are smooth(musicians).

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14
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

These stem cells can only produce the type of specialised cell that is in the tissue around them.

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15
Q

Where are meristems?

A

At the end of each shoot and root.

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16
Q

What are some of the negatives of using stem cells?

A

If stem cells continue to divide in the body after they have replaced the damaged cells they can cause cancer. Stem cells can also be killed by the immune system of the other person, this is called rejection.

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17
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A

It is useful for growth and repair.

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18
Q

What is the iris?

A

Muscles in it dilate or constrict to control how much light can enter. Bright light can damage the retina.

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19
Q

How are muscle cells adapted?

A

They have contractile proteins that can shorted the cell.

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20
Q

What can embryonic stem cells do?

A

They can produce any type of specialised cell.

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21
Q

What is short sightedness?

A

Distance objects appear blurry as the rays of light are focused infront of the retina. This is because the eyeball is too long or the cornea is too curved.

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22
Q

How are nerve cells specialised?

A

Neurones have a long fibre that carries electrical impusles around the body. It also has many connections to other neurones.

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23
Q

When does the embryo start to produce neurones?

A

After 3 weeks.

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24
Q

What are haploid cells?

A

They only contain one copy of each type of chromosome(gamete).

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25
Q

What is a cataract?

A

When a protein builds up in the lens and makes it cloudy. This can be fixed by replacing the cloudy lens with a plastic one.

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26
Q

What causes tumours?

A

Changes in cells can cause them to divide uncontrollably.

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27
Q

What is the reflex arc(diagram)?

A
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28
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

This controls your heart and breathing rate. It is also responsible for reflexes such as vomiting, sneezing and swallowing. It also connexts the brain and spinal cord.

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29
Q

What are embronic stem cells?

A

Cells of an early-stage embryo.

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30
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Anything your body is sensitive to.

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31
Q

How are fat cells specialised?

A

The cytoplasm of fat cells are filled with large droplets so the fat is stored until the body needs it.

32
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

In bone marrow.

33
Q

What is the CNS made of?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

34
Q

How does percentile work?

A

25percent of babies will have masses below the 25th percentile line.

35
Q

What is the process of a baby being made?

A

Fertilised egg cell divides to form an embryo.

36
Q

What are two other ways of treating tumours?

A

Cutting them out or chemotherapy.

37
Q

Explain why the reflex arc does not directly go to the brain?

A

This saves time and can save serious damage.

38
Q

What does a neuron look like?

A
39
Q

Why are tumours harmful?

A

They damage the body.

40
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do?

A

It makes up 80% of the brain

it controls personality

senses

language

memory

behaviour

consciousness

right side controls left side of body

41
Q

What are relay neurones?

A

Short neurones found in the spinal cord which link motor and sensory neurones. Neither of these have a dendron.

42
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of neurones.

43
Q

What can damage in the neck cause?

A

Quadriplegia(loss of use of both arms and legs).

44
Q

How can tumours affect the brain?

A

They can squash parts of the brain and cause them to stop functioning properly.

45
Q

What are advantages of using stem cells?

A

They can treat diseases caused by damaged cells. They can also replaced damaged cells by stimulating stem cells to produce specialised cells which are injected into the places they are needed. It can treat type 1 diabetes.

46
Q

What type of lens can fix short sightedness?

A

A diverging lens.

47
Q

What are the brain and spinal cord made of?

A

Neurones.

48
Q

What is the most common form of colour blindness?

A

Red-green, colourblindness cannot be fixed.

49
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A
50
Q

What are effectors?

A

Things that carry out a response.

51
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

Injecting drugs ttaht can kill activelt dividing cells. Chemotherapy may not work due to the blood-brain barrier which is a natural filter which only allows certain substances to get from the blood into the brain.

52
Q

What is the pupil?

A

The dark area in the middle where light enters.

53
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An action that is automatic and extremely quick to protect the body.

54
Q

What is long sightedness?

A

Close objects appear blurry as the rays of light are focused behind of the retina. This is because the eyeball is too short or the cornea is not curved enough.

55
Q

What happens in prophase?

A
56
Q

How do parts of the body communicate?

A

Through impusles.

57
Q

What do meristems do?

A

They allow plants to continue growing. The cells divide and then elongate and differentiate.

58
Q

What happens when two neurones meet?

A

An electrical impulse travels along the first axon.

This triggers the nerve-ending of a neurone to release chemical messengers called neurotransmitters.

These chemicals diffuse across the synapse (the gap) and bind with receptor molecules on the membrane of the second neurone.

The receptor molecules on the second neurone bind only to the specific neurotransmitters released from the first neurone.

This stimulates the second neurone to transmit the electrical impulse.

59
Q

What happens in telophase?

A
60
Q

What is the structure of the brain?

A
61
Q

What are the negatives of using electrodes?

A

Cause acidic taste.

62
Q

What does the cornea do?

A

It does most of the focusing.

63
Q

How many chromosomes do the human body cells have?

A

Two copies of each 23 type of chromosome.

64
Q

What are motor neurones?

A

They carry impulses to effectors.

65
Q

What is the structure of the eye?

A
66
Q

What is radiotherapy and how can it help?

A

High energy x-ray beams can kill the tumours.

67
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A
68
Q

What are rods?

A

Rods are receptor cells that detect a difference in light intesnity which is why they work well in dim light.

69
Q

What does the lens do?

A

It does the fine tune focusing.

70
Q

How are red blood cells specialised?

A

They have no nucleus allowing more space for red haemoglobin molecules which carry oxygen. They also have a larger surface area allowing oxygen to diffuse in and out of it quicker.

71
Q

How are sensory neurons adapted?

A

They are long for fast transmissions.

72
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that can divide repeatidly over a long period of time to produce a cell that then differentiates. In plants, these are found in meristems.

73
Q

What is growth?

A

An increase in size as a result of an increase in number or size of cells.

74
Q

What type of lens can fix long sightedness?

A

A converging lens.

75
Q

What are the 5 stages of mitosis in order?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis.

Biology (6 decks)

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