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Biology > Topic 3-Genetics > Flashcards

Topic 3-Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are proteins?

A

Proteins are polymers make by linking different amino acids together.

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2
Q

What happens in metaphase 2?

A

The chromosomes line up in the middle(single file line).

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3
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

A double helix with alternating sugars and phosphates(each pair has a sugar and there is a phosphate in-between).

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4
Q

What is an allele?

A

Genes for the same characteristics can contain slightly different instructions that create varaitions. Different forms of the same gene are called alleles.

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5
Q

What happens in prophase 2?

A

The spindle fibres are starting to form and chromosomes condense.

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6
Q

What is the difference between the sex chromosones of male and female?

A

Males have X AND Y whereas females have X AND X.

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7
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in a gene that creates a new allele is called a mutation.

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8
Q

What are homologous pairs?

A

2 chromosomes with the same size genes in the same places.

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9
Q

What happens in translation?

A

The mRNA strands travel out the nucleus through small holes in it’s membrane called nuclear pores. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA strands attach to ribosomes. A ribosome moves along an mRNA strand three bases at a time(a codon). At each mRNA codon, a molecule of transfer RNA(tRNA) with complementary bases lines up, each tRNA molecule carries a specific amino acid. As the ribosome moves along. it joins the amino acids from the tRNA molecules together to form a polypeptide.

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10
Q

What is co-dominance?

A

Where 2 genes are expressed.

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11
Q

How do the blood types work?

A
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12
Q

What can cause a mutation?

A

DNA is not copied properly in cell diviison or environmental factos. Mutations can change the phenotype(observable characteristics).

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13
Q

What can mapping a persons genome do?

A

It can indicate their risk of developing diseases taht are caused by different alleles of genes. It can also help identify which medicines might be best to treat a persons illness because the alleles affect how the medicines work.

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14
Q

How does sexual reproduction combining characteristics help?

A

If the offspring move to another area with a new environment.

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15
Q

How is it hard to tell about characteristics?

A

There is phenotype and genotype.

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16
Q

What type of division is meiosis?

A

A reduction division.

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17
Q

What happens in telophase 1?

A

Two new nuclei form.

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18
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

If the alleles in a gene are different.

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19
Q

What does being a carrier mean?

A

You have the allele but it is not expressed.

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20
Q

What is sexual reporduction?

A

Fertilisation of a female sex cell by a male sex cell.

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21
Q

What is a bell curve?

A

Normal distribution.

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22
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A DNA molecule with the genetic material of an organism.

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23
Q

What is phenotype?

A

What the organism looks like.

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24
Q

What is genetic variation causes by?

A

The different alleles inherited during sexual reproduction.

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25
Q

What are the two stages of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and translation.

26
Q

What is environmental variation?

A

Characteristics changing due to the einvironment sucg as how well a plant grows due to how much light, water and nutrients it gets.

27
Q

What happens in anaphase 1?

A

The chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibres.

28
Q

What were Mendel’s 3 laws of inheritence?

A
29
Q

What did Mendel conclude?

A

That inherited factors controlled variations and that this was caused by alleles which were caused by mutation.

30
Q

Do you know how to do the pedigree charts for sex linked characteristics and normal characteristics?

A

If not, watch the video by the amoeba sisters you fat cunt.

31
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Where a mixture of the two genes is expressed.

32
Q

What is genome?

A

The complete set of genetic material present in an organism.

33
Q

What is homozygous?

A

If both alleles for one gene are the same.

34
Q

Why are men more likely to develop sex linked disorders?

A

Because females have two copies of the X chromosome and males have only one X chromosome, X-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females.

35
Q

Is asexual reproduction common in vertebrates or invertebrates?

A

Invertebrates such as insects.

36
Q

What is the tricky bit that happens in interphase?

A

The 46 chromosomes(46 chromatids) duplicates to make 92 chromatids, but still 42 chromosomes as chromosomes are measured by centromeres.

37
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

4 genetically different daughter cells.

38
Q

What happens in transcription?

A

An enzyme called RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA in front of a gene in a non coding region. The enzyme seperates the two strands and moves along one DNA strand(the template strand)adding complementary RNA nucleuotides. These contain the same bases except uracil(U) is used instead of thymine(T). The nucleuotides link to form a strand of messenger RNA(mRNA).

39
Q

What is an aquired characteristic?

A

A characteristic that is changed by the environment during the life of an individual. For example, losing a limb in a car accident.

40
Q

What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?

A

Mitosis produces diploid cells whereas meiosis produces haploid gametes.

41
Q

What are the 4 bases?

A

Adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine.

42
Q

What did scientists think happened with characteristics after sexual reproduction?

A

They were blended.

43
Q

What is the difference between discontinuous and continuous variation?

A

dis-data can only be limited set of values

con-data can be any value in a range

44
Q

What do you need to remember if it is homozygous?

A

To put whether it is dominant or recessive.

45
Q

What are the sugar and phosphate called when they are together?

A

A nucleotide.

46
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm splits to form 4 gametes with variety. Sperm or egg and all different.

47
Q

8What are bases held together by?

A

Weak hydrogen bonds.

48
Q

What happens in telophase 2?

A

The nuclei reform and the 2 cells divide.

49
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the bases of a gene.

50
Q

What did Mendel breed?

A

Pees.

51
Q

What happens in anaphase 2?

A

The sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibres.

52
Q

What happens in prophase 1?

A

Chromosomes condense, thicken and line up in their homologous pairs. They match up and cross-over and transfer the genetic information and exchange it. This makes recombinant chromosomes.

53
Q

What happens in cytokinesis 1?

A

The cytoplasm is split to form 2 cells.

54
Q

What does sexual reproduction cause and why is it good?

A

Variation, this means that there is a greater chance that some offspring will be better suited to new conditions and so will be more likely to survive and reproduce.

55
Q

What do humans start life as?

A

A zygote(single fertilised egg cell). This is formed when two gametes fuse during fertilisation. The zygote then forms a ball of cells using a type of cell division called mitosis.

56
Q

What is a gene?

A

Small section of DNA that codes for a specific set of amino acids.

57
Q

What are the matching bases?

A

Complementary base pairs.

58
Q

How is DNA extracted?

A
59
Q

What happens in metaphase 1?

A

The chromosomes line up in the middle in pairs(not a single file line).

60
Q

How can mutations alter the amount of protein that is produced?

A

If a mutation causes a stop codon to be produced early.

Biology (6 decks)

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