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gcse biology > topic 5 : Health and Disease > Flashcards

topic 5 : Health and Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the definition of Health

A

a state of both physical and mental wellbeing.

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2
Q

name the 4 types of pathogens

A

.protist
.fungi
.virus
.bacteria

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3
Q

what is a pathogen

A

a microorganism that can cause disease

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4
Q

ways in which disease can be spread

A

Air- through water droplets when we cough or sneeze

water-when contaminated with the disease

direct contact-touching the infected organism

contaminated food-when ingesting foods that contain the disease

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4
Q

what are viruses

A
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5
Q

give attributes of viruses

A

.non-living organisms

.are unable to reproduce unless they are inside another organism

.they reproduce inside the cells of another organism and them burst the cell

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6
Q

give three examples of viral disease

A

-measles
-HIV
-tobacco mosaic virus

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7
Q

how is measles spread and what the symptoms

A

.spread through water droplets when the infected sneeze or cough

.symptoms include:
- red rash across the body
-fever
-can be fatal but can be vaccinated against

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8
Q

how is HIV spread and what does it do

A

.spread through bodily fluids

.when you first catch the disease you will get flu like symptoms

.over time the virus targets the immune system making people more susceptible to catching other infections and not being able to fight it off

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9
Q

how is tobacco mosaic virus spread and what are the symptoms

A

.a viral plant disease spread through direct contact

.only effect certain plants (tobacco and tomato)

.causes a brownish red mosaic like patches on the leaf of the plant and makes it unable to properly photosynthesis so it can’t really grow

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10
Q

is bacteria multicellular or unicellular

A

multicellular

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11
Q

name the 3 bacterial diseases

A

chlamydia
salmonella
gohnoreaha

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12
Q

what are the 3 main causes of plant disease

A

.infections from , bacteria, fungi or viruses

.attack by lager organism’s such as insects

.lack of essential minerals

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13
Q

why do plants need nitrates and magnesium ions

A

nitrates: to make proteins to grow

magnesium ions: to make chlorophyll for photosynthesis

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14
Q

how would you spot nitrate deficiency

A

stunted growth

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15
Q

how would you spot a magnesium ion deficiency in plants and why

A

Magnesium is required to produce chlorophyll, which is the green pigment in chloroplasts that makes leaves green. So lack of magnesium will mean that leaves lose their green colour.

16
Q

what are symptoms that plants have a disease

A

.abnormal lumps

.patches of decay

.discolouration on leaves

.malformed stems and leaves

17
Q

what are physical plant defences

A

.waxy cuticle to prevent pathogens from entering

.cellulose on the cell wall

.a dead layer of cells (bark)

18
Q

what are some chemical plant defences

A

.anti-microbial chemicals that kill fungi and bacteria

.poisons that kill insects

19
Q

what are some mechanical defences that plants have

A

.thorns or hairs on the plant stem

.leaves that sag/droop when insects land on them

20
Q

how can plant diseases be identified

A

.Compare the symptoms to a gardening manual or website

.Take the infected plants to a laboratory (plant pathologist) to identify the pathogen

.trial and error with different means of treatment

21
Q

medication to treat cardiovascular disease

A

statins: decrease blood cholesterol which decreases the rate fatty materials build up

22
Q

what are the three possible surgical procedures to treat cardiovascular disease

A

.bypass- inserting blood vessels from another part of the body to supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients again

.stents- widen blood vessels to allow blood to flow easier

.transplant- in extreme cases patients receive a doner heart

23
Q

lifestyle changes to treat cardiovascular disease

A

no smoking
regular exercise
maintaining a healthy weight
diet low in saturated fats

24
Q

impact of smoking on developing cardiovascular disease

A

chemicals in cigarettes damage blood vessels, increase blood pressure making the vessels narrow and more prone to blood clots

25
Q

what are some physical and chemical barriers of plant defences

A

waxy cuticle
cell wall containing cellulose

some plants produce antiseptics that kill bacterial and fungal pathogens

26
Q

how can plant defences be used in medicine (name a medicine)

A

many medicines are developed from antiseptics produced by plants

aspirin

27
Q

chemical defence in humans against pathogens

A

.hydrochloric acid in the stomach
.lysozymes in tears

28
Q

physical barriers in human against pathogens

A

.skin
.cillia
.mucus

29
Q

what is herd immunity

A

when the majority of people in a group are immunised which provides protection to the few who are not as it decreases their chances of coming in contact with infected people

30
Q

advantages of immunisation

A

herd immunity will protect those unvaccinated by decrease the chances of coming in contact with someone

can protect against harmful disease

31
Q

what are vaccines made of and how do they work

A

made of weakened or inactive to trigger the production of antibodies for the specific illness

memory lymphocytes then remember this and so produce them.

32
Q

what do antibiotics actually do

A

they inhibit cell processes in the bacterium but not the host organsim

33
Q

describe the process of developing new medicines

A

preclinical: drugs tested on human cells and tissues

drug tested on live smaller animals to see if it is harmful and find a correct dosage

Clinical: drug tested on a small group of healthy volunteers to ensure it doesn’t have harmful side effects when the body is working normally

drug is tested on patients suffering from the illness and optimum dosage is found

drug tested on a larger group in blind tests where a placebo is used to test the effectiveness of the medication.

data is collected and if approved the drug can be used to treat patient

34
Q

disadvantages of immunisation

A

.doesn’t always work
.may cause bad reactions

35
Q
A

gcse biology (13 decks)

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