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gcse biology > topic 4: natural selection and genetic modification > Flashcards

topic 4: natural selection and genetic modification Flashcards

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1
Q

Define evolution

A

a change in on or more characteristics of a population over a long period of time

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2
Q

how could you tell how old fossils are

A

.where it is located down in the ground (the deeper the older)

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3
Q

define species

A

a class of things of the same kind and with the same name

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4
Q

how do tools change from the oldest to the newest

A

they become more sharp, they more whittled down and more blade like

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5
Q

How does the development of tools sh0ows human evolution

A

It shows they are able to process their tools and create them into useful tools that fit their needs.The increase in sophistication of human tools over time shows the increase in human mental capacity.

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6
Q

what could be carbon dated

A

something made of living things

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7
Q

what is the term evolution

A

the change in the characteristics or appearance of an organism over a long period of time

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8
Q

what is a pentadactyl limb

A

limbs with 5 digits, suggesting evolution from a common ancestor

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9
Q

Keep ponds clean or ponds get sick

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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10
Q

define classification

A

the organisation of living things into groups according to their similarities

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11
Q

how does classification help us to do

A

allows us to see how different groups of living things are related

enables scientists to recognise the biodiversity present in the world and give scientists a common language in which to talk about

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12
Q

what is the taxonomy order

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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13
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms

A

Animals
plants
fungi
protoctista
prokaryotae

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14
Q

what is a saprophytic feeder

A

living organisms that feed on dead or decaying organisims

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15
Q

what is a heterotrophic feeder

A

an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients

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16
Q

What is a autotrophic feeder

A

organisms that produces its own source of nutrients and energy

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17
Q

what is a protoctista

A

Mostly unicellular ( a few multicellular), complex cell structure with nucleus.

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18
Q

what are the different domains?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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19
Q

what is the binomial system

A

Genus + Species

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20
Q

define an Archaea

2 bullets

A

one of the three domains
prokaryotic with no non coding sections of DNA

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21
Q

define Bacteria
(relateit to the classification system)

A

.one of the three domains
.cells with no nucleus, no unused sections in genes

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22
Q

define a Eukarya

A

.one of the three domains
.cells contain a nucleus, has unused bits of DNA

23
Q

what is selective breeding

A

choosing the type of organisim to breed and then selecting which offspring to breed

24
Q

what type animal is an example of selective breeding

A

domestic dogs

25
Q

what are the two different types of selection

A

.natural selection
.artificial selection

26
Q

describe selective breeding (4marks)

A

Selective breeding involves choosing parents with desired characteristics from a mixed population

they are bred together

from the offspring those with the desired characteristics are bred together

this continues over many generations until all the offspring show th desired characteristics

27
Q

what are some selective breeding applications (at least 3 )

A

.disease resistance in food crops or garden plants

.animals that produce more meat or milk

.gentle temperament

.brightly coloured, large, heavily scented flowers

28
Q

what are the 3 domains

A

the Archaea, the Bacteria, and the Eukarya.

29
Q

what are the 6 kingdoms

A

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, or Animalia

30
Q

What species was the oldest

A

Ardi-Ardipithecus species

31
Q

what were some aspects of Lucy

A

.chimpsized brain
.walked up right
.larger toes for climbing

32
Q

why do we want to genetically modify organisms

A

.change the appearance
.make it cheaper
.develop it for specific use

33
Q

what is a ligase enzyme

A

used to join sections of DNA together

34
Q

what is a plasmid

A

a circular section of DNA found in bacteria

35
Q

what is a restriction enzyme

A

used to cut a section of DNA from a longer strand

36
Q

what is a vector in genetic engineering

A

used to transport DNA

37
Q

what are some advantages of genetically mortified crops

A

.scientists have engineered them to have longer shelf lives
.foods can be engineered to grow in harsher conditions (low water supply, lower temperature) this increases crop yield and prevents malnutrition in certain places in the world
.

38
Q

where does the Bt toxin gene come from?

A

Bacillus thuringiensis bacterium

39
Q

what is biological control

A

using predator organisms to kill problem organisms such as weeds or pests

40
Q

what are some advantages and disadvantages of using biological control

A

Advantages
.its natural and avoids the use of pesticides
.self sustaining
.cheap after start up
.works most the time

Disadvantages
.can disrupt the food web
.can be a slow process
.expensive at start up
.doesn’t completely destroy a pest
.it may fail in its specificity

41
Q

what is a herbicide

A

weed killer

42
Q

what are Fertilisers made of (NPK)

A

fertilisers contain mineral ions, such as nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus.

43
Q

what do fertilisers do

A

The plants absorb from the soil to make healthy new cells. Fertilisers help us to increase the growth and yield of crop plants

44
Q

what is recombinant DNA

A

DNA made by joining two sections of DNA together

45
Q

what is a sticky end

A

short section of single stranded DNA at the end of a piece of DNA that has been cut by a restriction enzyme

46
Q

what is a restriction enzyme

A

enzyme that cuts DNA molecules into smaller pieces used to genetically modify bacteria

47
Q

benefits of genetic engineering (3 or more)

A

.useful in medicine, can mass produce important hormones (insulin etc…)
.introducing modifications in crops can allow them to grow under different or more extreme conditions (this can increase crop yield and so help combat famine in some places)
.crops with more vitamins can benefit countries with malnourishment
.can help plants to produce their own herbicide/pesticides.

48
Q

risks/negatives of genetic modification

A

.don’t know the impact of eating GM crops on human health
.could lead to genetic modification of humans (designer babies)
.GM plant seeds are expensive
.may reproduce with wild flower/weeds and pass on their resistance gene making them hard to kill.

49
Q

how was BT bacteria used to improve crop resistance (pros and cons)

what it is, what they did, how it helps and how it doesn’t

A

.BT bacteria produces toxins that kill insect larvae if ingested
.the toxin was introduced into plants so that all cells in the plants would produce this
.it was beneficial as it only effected insects that bit chew the plant tissue, whilst being harmless to insect predators (spiders ect…)
.however some pests such as aphids that suck on the sap are unaffected.

50
Q

what is a monoculture

A

large area of crop of one type

51
Q

why is growing crops in monoculture in a greenhouse advantageous

A

all plants are of the same type and so need the same conditions which are easy to control in a greenhouse

52
Q

what is Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection

A

species evolve over time through a process of natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

53
Q

what are the five stages of Darwin’s theory

A

.Genetic variation: occurs in an individual due to differences in genes

.Environmental changes: occurs possibly causing more interspecies competition for resources

.Natural selection: the variations of some individuals make them more suited to the change that other, increasing chances of surviving to reproduce

.Inheritance: survivors reproduce and pass on their favourable allele/characteristic to their offspring, so the next generation has more individuals with ‘better adapted variations’

Evolution: natural selection occurs over and over again and eventually a new species evolves all possessing the favourable variation.

54
Q
A

gcse biology (13 decks)

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