Topic 5- Energy transfers in organism Flashcards

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1
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

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2
Q

what two types of respiration does glycolysis occur in?

A

aerobic and anaerobic

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3
Q

describe the process of glycolysis

A

1) 2 molecules of ATP hydrolysed to produce 2 ATP and 2 inorganic phosphate
2)phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate
3)glucose phosphate split into triose phosphate
4)triose phosphate oxidised producing pyruvate
5)co enzyme NAD reduced to produce NADH
6)4 molecules of ATP produced through substrate-level phosphorylation

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4
Q

what reactions make up the process of aerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis, link reaction, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

what is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?

A

2

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6
Q

where does the link reaction occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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7
Q

describe the process of the link reaction

A

1) pyruvate actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix
2)pyruvate is converted into acetate
3)molecule of carbons dioxide is produced through pyruvate decarboxylation and pyruvate is oxidised
4)hydrogen lost reduces NAD to NADH
5)acetate + CoA produced acetyl CoA

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8
Q

what is the overall equation for the link reaction?

A

pyruvate + NAD +CoA —>CO2 + NADH+ acetyl CoA

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9
Q

where does the krebs cycle occur?

A

mitochondrial membrane

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10
Q

how many times does the krebs cycle repeat?

A

twice

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11
Q

what is the net gain of ATP from the krebs cycle?

A

2

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12
Q

describe the krebs cycle

A

1)acetyl CoA loses the CoA and binds to oxaloacetate to form citrate (6c)
2)citrate is decarboxylated twice producing 2 carbon dioxide molecules
3)citrate is also dehydrogenated twice producing 2 NADH
4)the 4c compound created undergoes substrate level phosphorylation producing ATP
5)co enzymes, NAD and FAD, are reduced
6) cycle repeats again for each molecule of glucose

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13
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

between the matrix and inter membrane space

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14
Q

how much ATP is produced from oxidative phosphorylation?

A

over 30 molecules

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15
Q

describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation

A

1)NADH and FADH travel towards the inner mitochondrial membrane
2)electrons donated to proteins in the membrane, producing NADH, FAD and protons when NADH and FADH2 are oxidised
3)electrons move along electron transfer chain through a series of redox reactions
4)as they travel, electrons provide the proteins with energy
5)energy is used to transport protons from the matrix to inter membrane space through active transport
6)this maintains a proton gradient
7)electrons at the end of the chain react with oxygen and protons to produce water
8)oxygen is known as the final electron acceptor
9)protons in the inter membrane space diffuse back into the matrix via ATP synthase in a process known as chemiosmosis
10)supplies ATP synthase with energy which is used to catalyse the production of ATP

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16
Q

where does the whole process of anaerobic respiration occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

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17
Q

what happens after glycolysis when anaerobic respiration occurs in animals?

A

lactate fermentation

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18
Q

what happens after glycolysis when anaerobic respiration occurs in yeast/plants?

A

ethanol fermentation

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19
Q

describe ethanol fermentation

A

1)pyruvate decarboxylated to form ethanal, losing carbon dioxide
2)NADH oxidised to NAD, reducing the ethanal to ethanol as it gains the hydrogen
3)the regenerated NAD is repeatedly used in glycolysis so ATP can continue to be made

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20
Q

describe lactate fermentation

A

1)NADH oxidised to NAD
2)pyruvate gains hydrogen reducing it to lactate
3)regenerated NAD repeatedly used in glycolysis so that ATP can continue to be made

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21
Q

describe t he structure of chloroplasts

A

-contain stacks of thylakoids, also known as grana
-thylakoids contain different types of pigments: chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, carotenoids and xanthophyll
-each pigment absorbs a different wavelength of light

22
Q

what factors effect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

light intensity
carbon dioxide concentration
temperature

23
Q

what happens to the rate of photosynthesis when light intensity increases?

A

rate of light dependent reaction increases
more ATP/NADPH produced
rate of light independent reaction increases

24
Q

what happens to the rate of photosynthesis when carbon dioxide concentration increases?

A

increased conversion of RuBP to GP

25
Q

what happens to rate of photosynthesis when temperature increases?

A

increases rubisco activity until it is denatured leading to decreased activity
molecules in the thylakoid membrane stop working

26
Q

how can the limiting factors of photosynthesis be overcome?

A

using artificial lighting, carbon dioxide waste and using greenhouses

27
Q

what are the adaptations of chloroplasts?

A

1)thylakoid membrane provides large surface area
2)proteins hold grana for maximum light absorption
3)ATP synthase and selectively permeable membrane for ATP synthesis
4)DNA and ribosomes for synthesis of required proteins

28
Q

where does the light dependent reaction occur?

A

thylakoid membrane between the stroma and thylakoid space

29
Q

describe the light dependent reaction

A

1)light energy absorbed by chlorophyll
2)photoionisation- energy transferred to electrons causing them to be in an excited state.this makes them leave the chlorophyll
3)photolysis- light splits water into electrons, protons and oxygen
4)electrons move down the electron transfer chain through a series of redox reactions, providing energy to the proteins so that protons can be actively transported into the thylakoid space
5)this maintains a proton gradient between the stroma and thylakoid space
6)electrons at the end of the chain react with NADP and protons to produce NADPH
7)protons diffuse back into the stroma through ATP synthase in a process called chemiosmosis
8)ATP synthase supplied with energy which is used to catalyse the production of ATP

30
Q

where does the light independent reaction occur?

A

in the stroma

31
Q

describe the light independent reaction

A

1)carbon dioxide enters stroma and reacts with ribulose biphosphate forming two molecules of glycerate-3-phosphate, catalysed by rubisco
2)glycerate-3-phosphate reduced to 2 molecules of triose phosphate when NADPH is oxidised, requiring ATP
3)roughly 80% of triose phosphate is converted to ribulose biphosphate using ATP
4)other 20% converted to organic substances like glucose, amino acids and glycerol

32
Q

what is biomass?

A

the dry mass per given area per given time or the mass of carbon per given area per given time

33
Q

what type of store does biomass contain?

A

chemical energy store

34
Q

what is a chemical energy store?

A

energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds, which is produced during photosynthesis

35
Q

what equation is used to calculate heat released per unit mass?

A

(specific heat capacity of water x water vol. x temp.change) / mass of dry biomass

36
Q

what is gross primary production?

A

chemical energy store in plant biomass in a given area or volume

37
Q

what is net primary production?

A

chemical energy store left when respiratory losses have been taken into account

38
Q

how do you calculate net primary production?

A

NPP=GPP— R

39
Q

how do you calculate net product of consumers?

A

N=I—(F+R)
I: energy ingested
F:losses from excretion
R:respiratory losses

40
Q

what is primary/secondary productivity?

A

biomass in a given area at a given time

41
Q

how is % efficiency calculated?

A

(energy available after transfer/energy available before transfer) x 100

42
Q

how can % efficiency be increased?

A

1)simplifying food webs
2)reduce respiratory losses

43
Q

what are the 4 key parts of the nitrogen cycle?

A

nitrogen fixation
ammonification
nitrification
denitrification

44
Q

what is nitrogen fixtation?

A

~ carried out by mutualistic nitrogen fixing bacteria found in root nodules or free living nitrogen fixing bacteria found in soil
~mutualistic nitrogen fixing bacteria have a symbiotic relationship with plants
~nitrogen gas converted into nitrogen containing compounds

45
Q

what is ammonification?

A

nitrogen compounds in waste products and dead organisms converted into ammonia by saprobionts, forming ammonium ions

46
Q

what is nitrification?

A

nitrifying bacteria convert ammonium ions into nitrites before a different nitrifying bacteria converts nitrites to nitrates. this requires oxygen.

47
Q

what is denitrification?

A

denitrifying bacteria use nitrates during respiration which produces nitrogen gas that returns to the atmosphere. this occurs in anaerobic conditions

48
Q

what is mycorrhizae?

A

the relationship between roots + fungi
1)increases root surface area for water and mineral uptake
2)fungi act as sponges and hold onto water which can be useful in times of drought

49
Q

describe the phosphorus cycle

A

1) weathering of rocks slowly releases phosphate ions into the soil and water sources
2)plants absorb phosphate ions through the roots and algae absorbs it from the water
3)phosphate ions transferred to consumers during feeding
4)saprobionts break down waste products and dead organisms releasing phosphate ions into soil/water
5)phosphate ions either taken up by producers again or are trapped in sediments which may turn back into rock again

50
Q

what is the role of fertiliser?

A

replace nutrients lost due to harvesting crops and removing livestock

51
Q

what are the 2 types of fertilisers?

A

natural fertilisers made of organic matter or artificial fertilisers made from inorganic matter

52
Q

describe the process of eutrophication

A

1) leaching- fertilisers moved into nearby bodies of water by rainwater or water from irrigation systems
2)algal bloom- leaching causes rapid growth of algae on the surface
3)aquatic plants and algae die- sunlight blocked by algae meaning aquatic plants can’t photosynthesise, algae also die as nutrients runs out
4)saprobionts increase in number- as plants die, numbers of saprobionts increase to break down the dead matter
5)decrease in dissolved oxygen- saprobionts use up oxygen during respiration
6)aerobic organisms die as dissolved oxygen concentration decreases