November mock prep- topic 3 Flashcards
what are the features of exchange surfaces?
large SA:V ratio which increases rate
very thin meaning there is a short diffusion pathway
selectively permeable to allow selected materials
movement of environmental medium to maintain diffusion gradient
why do single celled organisms have a large SA:V ratio?
They have a large SA:V ratio because they are small
what is the tracheae?
internal network of tubes supported by strengthened rings
what are tracheoles?
smaller dead end tubes which bring oxygen directly to respiring tissues
what are spiracles?
small holes on the outside of the insect which open and close by valves
how are gases exchanged in insects?
along the diffusion -
the concentration of oxygen drops near the end of the tracheoles which creates a diffusion gradient
the carbon dioxide produced in respiration creates a diffusion gradient in the opposite direction
outline the process of mass movement in insects?
the contraction of muscles squeezes the trachea
1) anaerobic respiration produces lactate which lowers the water potential
2) this causes water to move into the cells from the tracheoles
3) water in the tracheoles decreases in volume leading to air being drawn in
how is water loss limited in plants?
waxy cuticle
reduced SA:V
hairy leaves
leaves roll up
how is water loss limited in insects?
spiracles that open and close
small SA:V
waterproof covering
why do leaves have a short diffusion pathway?
there is no living cell far away from the external gas and diffusion occurs in the gas phase
what is the benefit of having a large surface area in leafs?
rapid diffusion
describe the structure of the human gas exchange system
nostril
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
lungs surrounded by ribs
internal and external intercostal muscles
outline the process of inspiration
internal intercostal relax
external intercostal contract
diaphragm flattens
volume of thorax increases
pressure in lungs decreases
atmospheric pressure greater
air drawn in
outline the process of expiration
internal intercostal contract
external intercostal relax
diaphragm relaxes
volume of thorax decreases
pressure in lungs increases
air forced out
how is pulmonary ventilation rate calculated?
tidal volume x breathing rate
how is the human gas exchange system adapted?
contain alveoli surrounded by lots of capillaries- increases diffusion
thin walls- short diffusion pathway
red blood cells slowed as they pass through and are pushed up against the walls
why is food firstly broken down mechanically?
to provide a large surface area for chemical digestion
what’s the function of bile salts in lipid digestion?
breaks lipids down into micelles(tiny droplets) meaning there is a large surface area for lipase to break down the lipid