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AQA A level biology <33 > Topic 1- Biological molecules > Flashcards

Topic 1- Biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

monomer

A

the smaller unit from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

polymer

A

a molecule made up from a large number of monomers joined together

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3
Q

condensation reaction

A

a reaction that forms a chemical bond between two molecules and eliminates a molecule of water

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4
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

a reaction that breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and uses a water molecule

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5
Q

monosaccharide

A

a monomer from which larger carbohydrates are made

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6
Q

disaccharide

A

a molecule formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides

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7
Q

polysaccharides

A

a molecule formed by the condensation of many monosaccharide units

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8
Q

glucose

A

a monosaccharide with two isomers: alpha glucose and beta glucose

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9
Q

carbohydrates

A

a molecule formed of one or more monosaccharides

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10
Q

maltose

A

a disaccharide formed by the condensation of two glucose molecules

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11
Q

sucrose

A

a disaccharide formed by the condensation of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule

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12
Q

lactose

A

a disaccharide formed by the condensation of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule

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13
Q

starch

A

a polysaccharide formed by the condensation of alpha glucose

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14
Q

glycogen

A

a polysaccharide formed by the condensation of alpha glucose molecules containing 1,4- and 1,6- glycosidic bonds

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15
Q

cellulose

A

a polysaccharide formed by the condensation of beta glucose containing only 1,4- glycosidic bonds

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16
Q

Starch and glycogen are insoluble in water. Why does this make them good storage molecules?

A

it means they don’t affect the water potential of the cell

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17
Q

Starch and glycogen are coiled. Why does this make them good storage molecules?

A

It makes the molecules compact

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18
Q

Starch and glycogen are branched. Why does this make them good storage molecules?

A

It means there are more ends for fast hydrolysis

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19
Q

Starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose. Why does this make them good storage molecules?

A

It means they provide glucose for respiration

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20
Q

Starch and glycogen are large molecules. Why does this make them good storage molecules?

A

it means they can’t cross the cell-surface membrane

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21
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

A molecule formed by condensation, with ester bonds joining three fatty acids to one molecule of glycerol

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22
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A molecule formed by condensation, with two fatty acids and a phosphate group bonded to one molecule of glycerol

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23
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms

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24
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

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25
Q

What is an amino acid

A

The monomer from which proteins are made
Made up of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amine group, a carboxyl group and an R group

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26
Q

What is a peptide?

A

A molecule formed by the condensation of two amino acids

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27
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A polymer formed from the condensation of many amino acids

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28
Q

What is a conjugated protein?

A

A protein that contains non-protein prosthetic groups, attached by covalent, ionic or hydrogen bonds

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29
Q

What is a proteins primary structure?

A

the sequence of amino acids that makes up the polypeptide(s) of a protein

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30
Q

What is a proteins secondary structure?

A

The particular folding of a chain of amino acids in the polypeptides of a protein
Coils to form an alpha helix
Folds to form a beta pleated sheet

31
Q

What is a proteins tertiary structure?

A

the particular folding of a whole polypeptide chain, as determined by the amino acids that make up the polypeptide
forms a unique 3D shape
ionic boding, hydrogen bonding and disulfide bridges

32
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein or RNA molecule that acts as a catalyst, increasing the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering activation energy.

33
Q

define activation energy

A

the energy required to bring about a reaction

34
Q

what is an active site?

A

in an enzyme, the group of amino acids that make up the region where a substrate fits to catalyse a reaction

35
Q

why is the tertiary structure of enzymes important?

A

the active site has a specific tertiary structure which is complementary to a specific substrate, enabling an enzyme-substrate complex

36
Q

in the context of enzymes, what is a substrate?

A

a substance that is acted on or used by another substance or process

37
Q

what is a competitive inhibitor?

A

an inhibitor that binds to the active site of an enzyme

38
Q

what is a non-competitive inhibitor?

A

an inhibitor that binds to an enzyme, but not at the active site
(binds to the allopatric site)

39
Q

what is a mononucleotide?

A

a single nucleotide formed from a pentose, a nitrogen-containing organic base and a phosphate group

40
Q

what is DNA?

A

A molecule with a double helix structure which consists of hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base pairs on two antiparallel polynucleotide chains

DNA carries the genetic code for the production of proteins

41
Q

what is a nucleic acid?

A

molecule that carries the genetic code for the production of proteins

42
Q

what is a covalent bond?

A

a strong chemical bond where two atoms share a pair of electrons

43
Q

what is an ionic bond?

A

a moderate chemical bond formed by the attraction between two oppositely charged ions

44
Q

what is a hydrogen bond?

A

a weak chemical bond between the positive charge on a hydrogen atom and the negative charge on the atom of the adjacent molecule

45
Q

what is a glycosidic bond?

A

A covalent bond between a carbohydrate molecule and a hydroxyl group on another molecule, resulting from a condensation reaction.

46
Q

what is a peptide bond?

A

a covalent bond between two amino acids, resulting from a condensation reaction

47
Q

what is a phosphodiester bond?

A

a covalent bond between two nucleotides, resulting from a condensation reaction.

48
Q

what is a dipolar molecule?

A

a molecule with equal and opposite charges at the end

49
Q

define adhesion

A

when water molecules are attracted to the impermeable walls of xylem tissue.

50
Q

what are the properties of triglycerides?

A

They are good stores of energy due to the long hydrocarbon tails

51
Q

what bases are found in DNA?

A

adenine
thymine
cytosine
guanine

52
Q

what bases are found in RNA?

A

adenine
Uracil
cytosine
Guanine

53
Q

What is RNA?

A

The short polypeptide chain that transfers genetic information

54
Q

How does pH affect the rate of enzyme activity?

A

Enzymes work better at specific pH
If pH is too high or low the enzyme won’t function properly

55
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of enzyme activity?

A

if temperature becomes too high the enzymes tertiary structure will change meaning substrate will no longer fit (denatured)

56
Q

How does substrate concentration affect the rate of enzyme activity?

A

low substrate concentration- few enzyme-substrate complexes formed
high substrate concentration- not enough enzymes/ all enzymes full

57
Q

How does enzyme concentration affect the rate of enzyme activity?

A

low enzyme concentration- all full but too many substrates
high enzyme concentration- not all enzymes full

58
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

59
Q

what does ADP stand for?

A

adenosine diphosphate

60
Q

what enzyme is a catalyst for the synthesis of ATP?

A

ATP synthase

61
Q

what enzyme is a catalyst for the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

ATP hydrolase

62
Q

what is the tests for lipids?

A

emulsion test
add ethanol then shake
add water
white emulsion

63
Q

what is the test for starch?

A

iodine solution
turns from orange to-brown to blue-black

64
Q

what is the test for proteins?

A

biuret reagent
turns blue to lilac

65
Q

what is the test for non reducing sugars?

A

add HCl
heat
add sodium hydrogencarbonate to neutralise
continue to test like you would for reducing sugars

66
Q

name the 5 properties of water and the positive effect they have

A

1)metabolite- used in condensation and hydrolysis reactions
2)solvent- used in metabolic reactions
3)high specific heat capacity- maintain temperature
4)high specific latent heat of vaporisation-cooling effect
5)cohesive- carries long collums of water

67
Q

what is the role of hydrogen ions?

A

maintain pH
more hydrogen ions- more acidic

68
Q

what is the role of iron(II) ions?

A

found in haemoglobin in red blood cells
binds to oxygen

69
Q

what is the role of sodium ions?

A

used in cotransport of glucose and amino acids

70
Q

what is the role of phosphate ions?

A

form important molecules like DNA, ATP and phospholipids

71
Q

describe semi-replication

A

-DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between bases
-free nucleotides bind to complementary exposed bases on the template strand through complementary base pairing
-DNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides

72
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are between adenine and thymine?

A

2

73
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are between guanine and cytosine?

A

3

AQA A level biology <33 (12 decks)

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