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Biology > Topic 5 (all) > Flashcards

Topic 5 (all) Flashcards

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1
Q

Factors that the rate of diffusion depends on (3)

A

1)Surface area
2)Concentration gradient
3)Diffusion distance

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2
Q

What are the two types of circulatory system (2)

A

1)Single
2)Double

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3
Q

What is the feature of single circulatory system (3)

A

1)Oxygenated and dexoygenated blood mixed
2)Blood is transported at lower pressure
3)Less ATP is required for pumping

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4
Q

What is the definition of single circulatory system

A

The blood passes through the heart once during one complete circuit of the body

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5
Q

What is the definition of double circulatory system

A

The blood passes through the heart once during twice complete circuit of the body

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6
Q

What type of circulatory system do amphebian have

A

Double circulatory

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7
Q

What is the difference between amphebian double circulatory system and human double circulatory system (3)

A

1)Amphebian only has two ventricles but humans have two
2)As a result oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix slightly
3)Less O2 delievered to tissue cells

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8
Q

The function of artery (2)

A

1)Transport oxygenated blood
2)Away from the heart

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9
Q

The structure of artery (4)

A

1)Endothelium (enthothelial cells)
2)Elastic fibre (made up of smooth muscles)
3)Connective tissue (Made up of collagen fibre)
4)Narrow lumen
5)Thick muscular wall

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10
Q

How is the artery adapted to its function (3)

A

1)Elastic fibre enables the artery to recoil and expand
2)Thick muscular wall and connective tissue made up of collagen fibre for strength so withstand high pressure
3)Narrow lumen to maintain high blood pressure

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11
Q

What are the key features of human heart (10)

A

1)2 Chambers
2)2 ventricles
3)2 atrioventricular valves between the chamber and the ventricle
4)Right-tricuspid left-bicuspid
5)Semilunar valve between the ventricle and the aorta
6) 2 arteries and 2 veins
7) Right: vena cava and pulmonery artery
8) Left: Pulmonary vein and aorta
9) Septum
10)Bundle of His

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12
Q

What is the structure of vein (4)

A

1)Wider lumen then artery
2)Pocket valves
3)Endothelium
4)Connective tissue
5)No elastic fibre

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13
Q

How is the structure of vein adapted to its function

A

1)Wider lumen to reduce blood pressure
2)Pocket valve: prevent backflow of blood
3)No elastic fibre as blood pressure is low

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14
Q

The stages of cardiac cycle (8)

A

1)SAN generates a wave of depolarisation
2)Causing atrial systole
3)The AV vales open so that blood flows into the ventricle
4)Wave to depolarisation to the AVN with a delay
5)Wave of depolarisation down the Bundle of His to the apex of ventricle
6)Causing ventricular systole
7)Semilunar valve open
8)Diastole

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15
Q

In what circumstance does the atri-ventricular valve open

A

When the atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure

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16
Q

In what circumstance does the semi-lunar valve open

A

When the arterial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure

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17
Q

Why is there a difference in the pressure increase during ventricular systole between the left and right ventricle (3)

A

1)Blood is pumped at higher pressure from the left
2)Thicker muscle wall due to more cardiac muscle
3)Blood must be pumped at high speed as blood is pumped to all body cells.

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18
Q

What does P represent in the ECG

A

Atrial systole

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19
Q

What does Q represent in the ECG

A

Purkinje fibre excitation

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20
Q

What does R represent in the ECG

A

Ventricular systole

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21
Q

What does S represent in the ECG

A

Ventricle fully contracted

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22
Q

What does T represent in the ECG

A

Diastole

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23
Q

What is tissue fluid (3)

A

1)The medium of exchange
2)of dissolved chemicals
3)between the blood and tissue cells

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24
Q

What are the four main blood components (4)

A

1)Leucocytes
2)Erythrocyte
3)Plalete
4)Plasma

25
Q

How is the structure of red blood cells (erythrocyte) adapted to their function (2)

A

1)No nucleus
-More space for O2
2)Biconcave disc shape
-Increase SA: V ratio
-Faster rate of diffusion of O2 to the cell.

26
Q

Where are the plalete made

A

Bone marrow

27
Q

How is the structure of capillary adapted to its function (3)

A

1)One cell thick
-Short diffusion distance
2)Narrow lumen
-Cell flexibility
3)Permeable
-Allow for material exchange

28
Q

The process of making tissue fluid (6)

A

1)Blood enter the Arteriol at high pressure
2)Hydrostatic pressure greater than oncotic pressure
3)Plasma is forced out
4)slower blood flow as enters venule
5)Oncotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure
6)Water re-absorted

29
Q

Where does excess tissue fluid go (2)

A

1)Drains into lymph vessel and form lymph
2)Returned to the blood

30
Q

Process of blood clotting (3)

A

1)Plalete release thromboplastin
2)Thromboplastin converts prothrombin to thrombin with also Vitamin K ions
3)Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

31
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

The hardening of artery

32
Q

The process that cause atherosclerosis (5)

A

1)Endothelium damaged
2)Inflammentory response
3)Form cells form an atheroma (plaque)
4)Hardens
5)Atery wall loses elasticity

33
Q

The factors that damage the endothelium (3)

A

1)High blood pressure
2)High level of LDL
3)Toxins from cigarette

34
Q

The consequence of atherosclerosis (5)

A

1)Makes blood clotting more likely
2)Narrows lumen
3)Less oxygen transfered
4)Stroke in brain
5)Heart attack

35
Q

Factors that cause cardiovascular disease (6)

A

1)Alcohol intake
2)Diet containing unsaturated fat
3)Smocking
4)Age
5)Sex
6)high blood cholesterol level

36
Q

The structure of haemoglobin (3)

A

1)Quaternary structure
2)4 polypeptide chains
3)Each has a haem group (oxygen binding site)

37
Q

Why does the haemoglobin dissociation curve have a S shape (2)

A

1)Higher affinity for O2 at higher O2 pressure
2)Dissociates O2 more readily at low partial O2 pressure

38
Q

What is the structure of myoglobin

A

Contains only one haem group

39
Q

What is the difference between haemoglobin and myoglobin

A

Release O2 at very low partial O2 preseure

40
Q

Where are myoglobins found and why (2)

A

1)Muscle cells
2)Able to deliever to O2 to muscle cells without releasing it before-hand
3)Curve shift to the left of the dissociative curve

41
Q

How is fetal haemoglobin adapted to its function (3)

A

1)Higher affinity for oxygen at low partial pressure
2)Shift to the left of the dissociative curve
3)So that able to pick up O2 across the placenta given that the placenta has very low O2 partial pressure

42
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in for insects (2)

A

1)Spiracles
2)on exoskeleton

43
Q

What happens when lactic is produced in insect (5)

A

1)Water potential in cell decreases
2)Water at the end of trachole is drawn into the cell via osmosis
3)Existing liquid move closer to cell
4)Reduces diffusion distance
5)Increases the rate of diffusion

44
Q

How is fish adapted to gas exchange (2)

A

1)Gill plate on gills to increase surface area
2)Water and blood flows in countercurrent so that blood always meets the water with a higher O2 potential

45
Q

What are the four stages of aerobic respiration (4)

A

1)Glycolysis
2)Link reaction
3)The Kreb cycle
4)Oxidative phosphorylation

46
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

A

In the cytoplasm

47
Q

Where does the link reaction take place

A

In the matrix

48
Q

Where does the Kcrab cycle take place

A

In the matrix

49
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place

A

In membrane cristae

50
Q

What are the stages in glycolysis (3)

A

1)2 ATP phosphorylate glucose
2)Hydrolysis of glucose into 2 GP (triose phosphate)
3)Oxidation: 2 NADH, 2ATP, 2 Pyruvate

51
Q

How many carbon does one molecule of pyruvate have

A

3

52
Q

What are the stages in link reaction

A

Decarboxylation: 2 acetyl-CoA, 2CO2, 2NADH

53
Q

How many carbon does one molecule of acetyl CoA have

A

2

54
Q

What are the stages of Kreb cycle

A

2 acetyle CoA: 1ATP, 3NADH, FADH2, 1CO2

55
Q

What are the stages of electron transport chain (3)

A

1)Electrons from H2 and H are passed down the electron transport chain
2)Chemiosimosis (ADP and Pi to ADP)
3)Electrons at last binds to O2 forms H2O

56
Q

What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration

A

Final electron acceptor

57
Q

What are the stages in anaerobic respiration (4)

A

1)Glycolysis: Glucose hydrolysed to pyruvate
2)NADH reduce pyruvate to lactate
3)NAD regenerated to NADH
4)Net production of 2 ATP

58
Q

What are the stages of anaerobic respiration in plants (2)

A

1)Glycolysis: Glucose hydrolysed to pyruvates
2)NADH reduces pyruvates to ethanol

Biology (9 decks)

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