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Biology > Topic 1 (All) > Flashcards

Topic 1 (All) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What properties arises from the dipolar nature of water (3)

A

1)Cohesion
2)Adhesion
3)Solvent to other polar substances

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2
Q

The structure of a DNA nucleotide (3)

A

1)Deoxyribose
2)Nitrogenous base (A, T, G, C)
3)Phosphate group

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3
Q

The structure of a RNA nucleotide (3)

A

1)Ribose
2)Nitrogenous base (A, U, C, G)
3)Phosphate group

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4
Q

The bond formed between phosphate group and pentose sugar

A

Phosphoester bond

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5
Q

What makes nitrogenous base in a nucleotide

A

Nitrate ion

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6
Q

What are the two types of nitrogenous base (2)

A

1)Pyrine (A,G)
2)Pyramindine (T, C, U)

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7
Q

4 important features of polynucleotide (DNA)(4)

A

1)2 polynucleotides
2)2 sugar-phosphate backbone
3)H bond between complementary bases
4)Phosphodiester bond between adjacent nucleotides via condensation reaction

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8
Q

3 important features of polynucleotide (RNA) (3)

A

1)1polynucleotide
2)1 sugar-phosphate backbone
3)Phosphodiester bond between adjacent nucleotides via condensation reaction

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9
Q

The format of DNA replication and why (2)

A

1)Semi-conservative
2)Each replicated DNA molecule contains one original and one new polynucleotide strand

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10
Q

The stages of DNA replication (5)

A

1) DNA double helix unwinds (catalyzed by DNA helix)
2) Free DNA nucleotides attach to complementary bases
3)Adjacent DNA nucleotides form phosphodiester bonds via a condensation reaction (catalyzed by DNA polymerase)
4)Segments of joined DNA nucleotides join via phosphodiester bond forming sugar-phosphate backbone (Catalysed by DNA ligase)
5)Two polynucleotide rewinds

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11
Q

The 3 enzymes involved in DNA replication (3)

A

1)DNA helicase
2)DNA polymerase
3)DNA ligase

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12
Q

The two process involved in the formation of a polypeptide chain (2)

A

1)Transcription
2)Translation

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13
Q

The name of DNA template strand in transcription

A

Antisense strand

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14
Q

The name of DNA non-template strand in transcription

A

Sense strand

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15
Q

The definition of codon

A

The triplet code on mRNA molecule

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16
Q

The definition of anticodon

A

The triplet code on tRNA molecule

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17
Q

What are the 4 natures of DNA genetic code (4)

A

1) Triplet (3 bases)
2) Universal: The same triplet code codes for the same amino acid in all organisms
3)Non-overlapping
4)Degenerative: More than one combination of triplet can code for the same amino acid.

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18
Q

Reason for the degenerative nature of DNA genetic code (2)

A

1)64 possible combination of triplet codes
2)Only 20 naturally occuring amino acid

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19
Q

The name of the DNA strand that the synthesized mRNA strand is identical to

A

Sense strand

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20
Q

The stages of transcription (5)

A

1)DNA double helix unwinds （catalysed by DNA ligase)
2)RNA nucleotides binds to complementary bases
3)Phosphodiester bond form between adjacent RNA nucleotides (catalysed by RNA polymerase)
4)Stop codon is reached
5)mRNA leaves the nucleus via nuclear pore

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21
Q

The stages of translation (5）

A

1)mRNA attaches to the ribosome
2)Start codon initiates the process
3)Anticodon on tRNA binds to codon on mRNA through complementary base pairing
4)Peptide bonds form via condensation reaction between adjacent amino acid.
5)A polypeptide is formed

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22
Q

The definition of gene (2)

A

A section of DNA that determines the order of polypeptide.

23
Q

The definition of primary structure (2)

A

The specific sequence of amino acid in a polypeptide

24
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

Nucleus

25
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

Ribosome

26
Q

Where does protein modification/ folding take place?

A

Golgi apparatus

27
Q

The two types of secondary structure (2)

A

1)Alpha helix
2)Beta pleated sheet

28
Q

The type of bonds in secondary structure (2)

A

1) Hydrogen bond
2) Peptide bond

29
Q

Where does peptide bond form between 2 amino acids?

A

Between the amine group of one and the carboxyl group of the other

30
Q

The types of bonds in tertiary structure (5)

A

1) Peptide bond
2) Hydrogen bond
3) Hydrophobic interaction
4) Disulphide bridges
5) Ionic bond

31
Q

The 3 types of bonds in tertiary stucture formed between R group (3)

A

1) Hydrophobic interaction
2) Disulphide bridges
3) Ionic bond

32
Q

What structure does globular protein have?

A

Tertiary structure

33
Q

What structure does fibrous protein have

A

Secondary structure

34
Q

What are the three structure features of haemoglobin (3)

A

1)Has a quaternary structure as consists of 4 polypeptide.
2)Each consists of a haem group where oxygen molecules binds to
3)Soluble

35
Q

The structural feature of collagen (3)

A

1) 3 polypeptide held by hydrogen bond (triple helix)
2) secondary structure
3) Insoluble

36
Q

How the structural feature of collagen relates to its function (2)

A

1)Held by hydrogen bond in parallel
2)Privdes strength

37
Q

The types of protein that enzyme belong to

A

Globular protein

38
Q

The monosaccharides that make maltose (2)

A

1) a glucose
2) a glucose

39
Q

The monosccharides that make sucrose (2)

A

1) a glucose
2) fructose

40
Q

The monosaccharides that make lactose (2)

A

1) a glucose
2) galactose

41
Q

What is starch made of (2)

A

1) Amylose
2) Amylopectin

42
Q

The structure of amylose (2)

A

1) straight chain of a-glucose
2) Held by glycosidic 1,4 bond

43
Q

The structure of amylopctin (2)

A

1) Branched chains of a-glucose
2) Held by glycosidic 1,4 and 1,6 bond

44
Q

The structural feature of starch (3)

A

1) Spiral and compact
2) Large
3) Insoluble

45
Q

How the structure of starch relates to its function (3)

A

1) Spiral and compact: more glucose molecules in limited space.
2) Large: Remain in cell as unable to diffuse out
3) Insoluble: No osmotic effect within cell

46
Q

The structure of glycogen (2)

A

1) More side branches than amylopectin
2) A glucose held by glycosidic 1,4 and 1,6 bonds

47
Q

What is the implication of having more side branches?

A

Hydrolysis could take place faster

48
Q

The structure of cellulose (2)

A

1) Unbranched chain of b-glucose
2) Held by B-1,4 glycosidic bond

49
Q

How does cellulose form microbrills?

A

1) Adjacent chains held by hydrogen bond between the OH group

50
Q

The function of microbrills in cell wall (3)

A

1) privides strength
2) Withstand turgid pressure
3) Preventing cell burst

51
Q

What is a triglyceride and its structure

A

1)Hydrophobic lipid

52
Q

The structure of a triglyceride (2)

A

1) One glycerol and three fatty acids
2) Ester bond formed between glyerol and fatty acid via condensation reaction

53
Q

The two types of fatty acids (2)

A

1) Saturated: only single C-C bond
2) Unsaturated: When one or more C=C bond in a hydrocarbon chain

54
Q

Why do unsaturated fatty acid have lower boiling point (3)

A

1) Double bond creates chink
2) Molecules further apart
3) Weaker intermolecular forces
4) Less energy required to overcome

Biology (9 decks)

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