TOPIC 5

Question 1

chemical
weathering

Answer 1

breaks down chemical bonds, chemically
modifies the rock minerals, and produces
new compounds; the most common types
are oxidation, carbonation and hydrolysis.
Lichens can chemically weather rock.

Question 2

Choice of food
production
system

Answer 2

Influenced by socio-economic, cultural,
ecological, political and economic factors

Question 3

contour
ploughing

Answer 3

following the contours of the land when
ploughing to avoid soil washing down hill

Question 4

Fertile soils

Answer 4

require a significant time to develop
through succession. they are considered a
non-renewable resource.

Question 5

food waste in
LEDCs

Answer 5

lack of refrigeration, transport
infrastructure, knowledge of markets,
communication and information availability

Question 6

Higher trophic
levels

Answer 6

harvesting from these may be a cultural
choice

Question 7

Human
activities
reducing soil
fertility
include

Answer 7

deforestation, intensive grazing,
urbanisation, certain agricultural practices
such as irrigation and monocultures

Question 8

Increased
sustainability
of food
production -
clean-up and
restoration

Answer 8

planting of buffer zones around land
suitable for food production to absorb
nutrient runoff

Question 9

Increased
sustainability
of food
production -
controlling

Answer 9

monitoring and control of standards and
practices of multi-national and national
food corporations by governmental and
intergovernmental bodies

Question 10

Increasing
sustainability
of food
production -
altering human

Answer 10

reduce meat consumption, increase
consumption of organically grown and
locally produced terrestrial foods,
improving the accuracy of food labels to
assist in consumer choice

Question 11

Inputs to soil
system

Answer 11

leaf litter, inorganic matter from parent
material, precipitation, energy

Question 12

leaching

Answer 12

minerals dissolved in water moving through soil (down)

Question 13

Lower trophic
levels

Answer 13

provide greater yield per unit area, are
greater in quantity, lower in cost and may
require fewer resources

Question 14

no-plough
cultivation

Answer 14

planting through stubble of old crop

Question 15

outputs from
soil system

Answer 15

uptake by plants, soil erosion

Question 16

Per capita
land for food
production

Answer 16

falls due to urbanisation, degradation of soil
resources and growing populations

Question 17

physical
weathering

Answer 17

involves the mechanical breakdown of pieces
of rock into smaller pieces e.g. frost, salt,
insolation and biological weathering,

Question 18

properties of
soil

Answer 18

mineral and nutrient content, drainage, water
holding capacity, air spaces, biota, potential
to hold organic matter, primary productivity

Question 19

reduced soil
fertility
results from

Answer 19

soil erosion, toxification, salination and
desertification

Question 20

shelter belts

Answer 20

woodlands planted along the margins of

fields

Question 21

soil
conditioners

Answer 21

organic materials like manure, mulches and
lime (calcium carbonate) to increase the pH

Question 22

soil
conservation
measures

Answer 22

soil conditioners (such as organic materials
and lime), wind reduction techniques (wind
breaks and shelter belts), cultivation
techniques (terracing, contour ploughing,
strip cultivation), avoiding use of marginal
lands

Question 23

Soil profile

Answer 23

the layers (horizons) seen in a vertical cut through soil

Question 24

soil system
storages

Answer 24

organic matter, organisms, nutrients, minerals,
air and water

Question 25

soil texture
triangle

Answer 25

diagram to compare the composition of soil
with sand, clay and loam percentages
identified

Question 26

strip
cultivation

Answer 26

planting alternating crops in a field to reduce
nutrient depletion and the chance of pests

Question 27

stubble

Answer 27

the dead lower stem and roots of a harvested
crop that remain in the land, holding the soil
in place

Question 28

Sustainability
of terrestrial
food
production

Answer 28

Influenced by factors such as scale,
industrialisation, mechanisation, fossil fuel use,
seed, crop and livestock changes, water use,
fertilisers, pest control, pollinators, antibiotics,
legislation, and levels of commercial versus
subsistence food production

Question 29

terracing

Answer 29

creating terraces (shelves) that step down/up
the land with walls to support the soil from
slipping

Question 30

transfers in soil

Answer 30

biological mixing, leaching

Question 31

être

Answer 31

j’étais, tu étais, il était, nous étions, vous étiez, elles étaient