TOPIC 5 Flashcards
chemical
weathering
breaks down chemical bonds, chemically
modifies the rock minerals, and produces
new compounds; the most common types
are oxidation, carbonation and hydrolysis.
Lichens can chemically weather rock.
Choice of food
production
system
Influenced by socio-economic, cultural,
ecological, political and economic factors
contour
ploughing
following the contours of the land when
ploughing to avoid soil washing down hill
Fertile soils
require a significant time to develop
through succession. they are considered a
non-renewable resource.
food waste in
LEDCs
lack of refrigeration, transport
infrastructure, knowledge of markets,
communication and information availability
Higher trophic
levels
harvesting from these may be a cultural
choice
Human
activities
reducing soil
fertility
include
deforestation, intensive grazing,
urbanisation, certain agricultural practices
such as irrigation and monocultures
Increased
sustainability
of food
production -
clean-up and
restoration
planting of buffer zones around land
suitable for food production to absorb
nutrient runoff
Increased
sustainability
of food
production -
controlling
monitoring and control of standards and
practices of multi-national and national
food corporations by governmental and
intergovernmental bodies
Increasing
sustainability
of food
production -
altering human
reduce meat consumption, increase
consumption of organically grown and
locally produced terrestrial foods,
improving the accuracy of food labels to
assist in consumer choice
Inputs to soil
system
leaf litter, inorganic matter from parent
material, precipitation, energy
leaching
minerals dissolved in water moving through soil (down)
Lower trophic
levels
provide greater yield per unit area, are
greater in quantity, lower in cost and may
require fewer resources
no-plough
cultivation
planting through stubble of old crop
outputs from
soil system
uptake by plants, soil erosion
Per capita
land for food
production
falls due to urbanisation, degradation of soil
resources and growing populations
physical
weathering
involves the mechanical breakdown of pieces
of rock into smaller pieces e.g. frost, salt,
insolation and biological weathering,
properties of
soil
mineral and nutrient content, drainage, water
holding capacity, air spaces, biota, potential
to hold organic matter, primary productivity
reduced soil
fertility
results from
soil erosion, toxification, salination and
desertification
shelter belts
woodlands planted along the margins of
fields
soil
conditioners
organic materials like manure, mulches and
lime (calcium carbonate) to increase the pH
soil
conservation
measures
soil conditioners (such as organic materials
and lime), wind reduction techniques (wind
breaks and shelter belts), cultivation
techniques (terracing, contour ploughing,
strip cultivation), avoiding use of marginal
lands
Soil profile
the layers (horizons) seen in a vertical cut through soil
soil system
storages
organic matter, organisms, nutrients, minerals,
air and water
soil texture
triangle
diagram to compare the composition of soil
with sand, clay and loam percentages
identified
strip
cultivation
planting alternating crops in a field to reduce
nutrient depletion and the chance of pests
stubble
the dead lower stem and roots of a harvested
crop that remain in the land, holding the soil
in place
Sustainability
of terrestrial
food
production
Influenced by factors such as scale,
industrialisation, mechanisation, fossil fuel use,
seed, crop and livestock changes, water use,
fertilisers, pest control, pollinators, antibiotics,
legislation, and levels of commercial versus
subsistence food production
terracing
creating terraces (shelves) that step down/up
the land with walls to support the soil from
slipping
transfers in soil
biological mixing, leaching
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