Topic 5 Flashcards
Nitrogen fixation
N2 + 3H2 > NH3
At what environments do industrial processes do N fix?
~200 atmospheres and 400 degrees Celcius
At what environments do bacteria fix N?1
Atmospheric pressure, ambient temperature
2 ways a reaction can be accelerated?
Adding heat
Adding catalyst
3 ways enzymes are proteins?
- primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure
- typically globular
- structure determined by same forces
3 ways enzymes are catalysts?
- accelerate reaction rates
- regenerate at the end of reaction
- highly specific (no side reactions)
Enzyme Nomencclature
end in -ase
substrate (or product) chemical rxn
A reaction will only proceed if…
free E of products is less than free E of reactants
When G is negative
Reaction is exergonic, thermodynamically favourable, spontaneous
When G is positive
Reaction is endergonic, thermodynamically unfavourable, and non-spontaneous
how is the speed of a biochemical reaction determined?
activation energy barrier
At what point in the reaction is there highest free energy?
Transition state
T/F do enzymes affect G of reaction
FALSE, enzymes do not affect
How do enzymes reduce free energy? (4)
- remove substrates from aqueous solutions
- proximity and orientation
- taking part in reaction mechanism
- stabilizing transitions state
Active sites (4)
- where catalysis occurs (small portion of protein)
- key amino acids located in active site (binding and catalysis)
- determines affinity, speciality and rate
- complementary to substrate/transition state (shape, hydrophobic interactions, H bonds, ion pairs)
Where is the active site in a lysosome?
3D cleft/crevice
Lock and Key model
active site matches shape of substrate contributing to affinity and specificity
Desolvation
exclusion of water,
3 advantages of desolvation
- removal of water shell accelerates reactions
- enhances polar interactions
- prevents side reactions