Topic 5 Flashcards
What do we call the central parts of cities?
Urban cores
In the UK______ rural areas and rural areas around former ______ sites are struggling to grow economically.
Isolated
Industrial
What is the name of the high speed rail line that the UK government plans to build to link up the major cities?
HS2
There are ___enterprise zones in the UK. These are at places like Blackpool Airport, Cheshire ___ Corridor, Luton Airport, and Didcot Growth Accelerator.
44
Science
When did the EU begin allowing free movement of people between member countries?
1995
UK and EU _________ policy have promoted ethnic and cultural diversity in the UK.
Immigration
Most jobs and _______are located in major cities and so most international and young national ______ move to these destinations.
Universities
Migrants
Immigrants from which countries filled skill shortages in the UK workforce after WW II?
- india
- Pakistan
- Caribbean
What describes net migration from 1970-1982?
Negative
What % of population growth in the UK is driven by migration?
50%
When did the UK textiles industry begin declining?
1918
What has happened to the number of jobs in primary and secondary industries in the UK in recent decades?
Declined
Which 2 car companies closed factories in Sunderland in 2019?
- toyota
- nissan
1992, the region of South Wales decided to improve ______ infrastructure, increase skills and draw _______and tourists.
Transport
Buisnesses
Which of the following is now an important component of the South Wales economy?
Start up businesses
What caused the decline of coal mining and ironmaking in South Wales in the 20th century?
Overseas competition
What are the Links between the UK and the rest of the world?
There are 6
- transport
- culture
- the commonwealth
- electronic communication
- foreign direct investment
- trade
Where does most FDI received by the UK come from?
TNCs
What is counterurbanisation?
The movement of people beyond the boundary of a town/city into a village or smaller town
What is surburbanisation?
The movement of people to the residential area of the city in the suburbs
What is deindustralisation?
The decline of factories in an urban area
What is decentralisation?
The movement of shops/offices to the edge of the urban area
What is depopulation?
Decline of the total population
What is gentrification?
The improvement of an urban area when new professional(high earners) move into a run down area closer to work. This rehabilitates the area
What is studentification?
Communities benifit from local universities which provide employment and large student population which can regenerate services and housing
What is the Urban sprawl?
When towns spread outwards in their size as people move to the edge of surburbanisation
What is the green belt?
An area of land at the edge of an urban area that has strict planning controls which prevent new development and urban sprawl
How well connected is London?(3 things)
- best connected city in the UK
- 4 airports
- trains travel from London to the channel tunnel to mainland Europe
How important is London?(3 answers)
- it produces 500 billion dollars of wealth each year(25% of the UK’s GDP)(London produces the same as Turkey’s entire econemy)
- London is a global finance centre
- lots of hedge funds, investment banks and pension funds operate in London(Mayfair, Bank and Canary Wharf))
London is situated on the floodplain of which river?
River Thames
Wherre is London located?(2 answers)
- South east England
- On the River Thames
An example of Lodona CBD?
City of London
An example of London’s inner city?
Chelesa and shoreditch
An example of London’s suburbs
Surbiton
Croyden
Clapham
An example of London’s RUF?
Thurrock
Sevenoaks
Maidenhead
What does the CBD in London contain?(4 answers)
- Bank of England offices
- commercial office buildings
- historic place
- expensive restaurants
What does London’s inner city contain?(2 answers)
- expensive housing
- tall buildings-commonly flats
What does London’s suburbs contain?(4 answers)
- families(living in a less densely populated area)
- middle class working parents working
- most houses have gardens
- some houses are in blocks of flats
What does London’s RUF contain?(2 answers)
- There is a lot more grass, farmland and open space
- there is less air pollution
Which country’s economy is London’s economy the same size as?
Turkey
What has led to decline in London?(4 answers)
- developments in transport
- depopulation(due to high rents-not to much in London
- de-centralisation
- deindustrialisation
What is ‘cloud kitchens’
When companies make food in confainer ships ans dilivers it to people in London.(they don’t need to pay rent)
What can cause growth in a part of London?
- sprawl on the RUF
- the rise of financial services
- invetment by TNCs
- grentrification and studentification
- the rise of culture and leisure
Shoreditch is an area that has been_________________ in recent years.
Redeveloped and gentrified
Name 2 areas of London that have grown & been gentrified.
Shoreditch
Stratford
What do we call it when shops and businesses move out of the CBD?
De-centralisation
List the stages of the Growth of Canary Wharf
4 stages
- it was built on an abandoned part of the London Docklands
- A new railway line was built
- Financial services buisnesses like JP morgan, Barclays and Morgan stanley have big offices there
- The new office skyscrapers and gentrification of the area around Canary Wharf have made it unaffordable for the people who used to live there and the businesses that used to serve those people
What is the effect of migration on the UK’s population(3 answers)?
- size(drives half of the UK’s population growth)(net migration has been increasing since 1983)
- age structure(migrants are more likely to be of a working age, this also means the birth rats among migrants is high)
- distribution of migration(lots of young people move to university, most jobs are located in major cities-because of this most migrants move to cities like London
What age group has increased the most because of migration
20-29
What is the effect of migration on the UKs population?(3 answers)
Size: migration drives half of the UKs population growth (Net migration has been increasing since 1983)
Distribution of migration:lots of young people move to cities to go to universities, most jobs are also located in major cities. ( so a lot of migrants go to cities like London)
Age structure: 81% were aged 16-64, they are more likely to be of working age. Because migrants are often in their 20s and 30s they have kids so the birth rate among migrants is high
What is the effect of migration on the uks population in the last 50 years? (4 answers)?
- net migration has doubled in the last decade
- net migration was negative from 1970-1982
- most international and young national migrants have moved to major cities
- the 20-28 age group has increased the most because of migration
What immigration policies have the UK had? (3 answers)
- The UK reduced migration from the commonwealth in 1962
- persecution in places like Kenya and Uganda led many people to move to the UK from these counties in the 1960s and 1970s
- after WW2 many men were killed, there was a labour shortage. The UK invited lots of people from the British commonwealth to come to the UK
What policies have the EU had towards immigration?(2 answers)
- The EU has granted free movement between member countries since 1995
- 8 new countries joined the EU in 2004- a lot of people migrated from these countries (such as people from Poland)
What describes net migration from 1970-1982 in the UK?
Negative
UK and EU _______ policy have premiered ethnic and cultural _______ in the UK
Immigration
Diversity
How many counties joined the EU 2004?
8
What are the links between the UK and the rest of the world?(6 answers)
- transport(4 airports, trained to the channel tunnel)
- electronic communication: underwater fibreoptic cables allow communications and internet traffic to go between Europe and the UK
- UK culture: films, royal family and sports leagues are exported globally
Trade: 45% of exports and 53% of imports were with the EU in 2018
FDI: services that used to be controlled by the government are now controlled by private firms
The commonwealth: 54 countries
Pre 2019 what were the two economic and political partnerships that the UK was a member of
EU
Commonwealth
What are the advantages of TNCs in the UK(3 answers)
- creates jobs
- large scale projects that the government couldn’t afford go ahead
-productivity or other forms can be increased by buinsness methods associated with TNCs
What are the disadvantages of TNCs in the Uk?(4 answers)?
- UKs economy can be affected by events on the other side of the world
- UKs economy can be affected if the TNCs decide to switch supplier
- local business can’t compete
- depending on TNCs mean there are less UK business’s to create jobs if the UK is forced to rely on its business
Most FDI in the UL comes from what?
TNCs
What are London’s air ports ?
Sandsted
Heathrow
Gatwick
City
Traditionally what is Sunderland?
A car manufacturing hub
Traditionally what are Burnley
A industry of textiles in secondary manufacturing
What two car companies closed factories in Sunderland in 2019?
Nissan
Toyota
When did the textiles factories in Burnley begin to close?
From 1950-1990
What had happened to the number of jobs in the UKs primary and secondary sector in recent decades?
It has declined
What percentage of Burnley’s population is unemployed?
35%
What is South Wales traditionally known for(
Being a mining area
What were two initiatives to regenerate South Wales?
The programme for the valleys
Urban renewal unit
What are the impacts of the tertiary and quaternary industry growth in South Wales?(4 answers)
- universities have grown
- more competitive football teams
- wealth and incomes are rising
- Cardiff had more successful software startups
-The devolved Welsh government can match giving given by private investments to start a business
What cussed the decline of coal mining in South Wales in the 20th century?
Overseas competition
What are the effects of migration on London’s character?(7 answers)
Migration affects services:(increases demand for school places and hospitals)(many migrants work in the NHS as doctors or nurses
Migration affects housing: affordability of housing is a problem, many migrants are illegally crowded into i humane living conditions (1 bedroom flat in London costs 500 pounds
Migration affects age structure(working people)
Migration trends lead more migrants to come to the UK
Affects culture: high levels of diversity in London
Affects ethnicity: London is very ethnically diverse (46 percent of Lambeth wasn’t white in 2015
Affects population: population growth
Name some examples of the effects migration has on London’s character?(4 answers)
- overcrowding
- high diversity
- younger inner city residents
- increasing population in the inner city
Describe inequality in London?
Services: people living in deprived areas need more health care and support
Education: high-income citizens incomes go to the best schools (expensive housing round them)
Health: life expectancy is 4-5 times lower in deprived areas than wealthy areas
How many years fewer do people in deprived areas live?
4-5 years
What is sorting?
When house prices rise near the best state-funded schools
What is the northern powerhouse?
A plant to create the London of the North
How many enterprise zones are in the uk?
44
Why do business set up in enterprise zones
Tax breaks
What is an example of investing in transport infrastructure
HS2 train
What is promoting regional development
An EU policy that provides training and Asian race for young farmers
Why are the four examples of the government aiming to reduce wealth differences in the UK?
The northern powerhouse
Creation of enterprise zones
Regional development
Better transport infrastructure
