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GCSE Geography > Topic 2:Development Dynamics > Flashcards

Topic 2:Development Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

What does HDI stand for?

A

Human development index

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2
Q

What does CPI stand for?

A

Corruption perceptions index

Ranges from 1-100 with 1 being the least corrupt goverment

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3
Q

What does GDP stand for?

A

Gross domestic product

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4
Q

What is the Gini coefficiant? (Def)

A

Measures how much of the income a country gets goes to the richest person

(1 on the scale says all the income goes to he rich people)

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5
Q

What is the GDP? (Def)

A

Total value of goods and services produced by a country annually

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6
Q

What is the corruption perceptions index?

A

An aprox measure of how corrupt a goverment is in a nation

(1-100) 1 is the least corrupt

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7
Q

What is the human development index? (Def)

A

A measure that combines lots of different
measures like

  • education
  • life expectancy
  • income
  • health care and others

(0 least developed -1 most developed)

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8
Q

What are the four measures of development?

A
  • human development index
  • corruptions perceptions index
  • Gini coefficient
  • gross domestic product
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9
Q

Despite good soil fertility, which climate/biome does Acemoglu claim has been historically bad for development?

A

Tropical

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10
Q

Which Historical Factors Cause Uneven Development?

A
  • neo-colonialism
  • colonisation
  • conflict and wars
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11
Q

Spain and ________ ruled lots of Latin America, and England, France & the _________ ruled a lot of Asia and Africa.

A

Portugal

-netherlands

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12
Q

Since which year has Afghanistan been involved in civil wars?

A

1978

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13
Q

What do we call the total value of goods ans services prodiced by a country annually?

A

GDP

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14
Q

What is GDP per capita?

A

GDP/a country’s population

(GDP is the total value of goods and services produced by a country annually

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15
Q

______ _____ have more even population pyramids because the burth rate is lower and average life exectancy is higher

A

Developed countries

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16
Q

Describe the population pyramid of a developing country?(e.gm Ethiopia)

A
  • wide base(high birth rate)

- middle is narrow (high infant mortality rates and low life expactancy)

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17
Q

Describe the population pyramid of an emerging country?(e.g Indonesia or Thailand)

A
  • base is narrower(women have good education and contraception is avaliable)
  • top of the pyramid gets wider as life expectancy increases and health care improves a
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18
Q

Describe the population pyramid of a developed country?(e.g UK)

A
  • top of the pyramid is very wide(good lifestyle over many years)
  • birth rates are lower with higher quality of life
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19
Q

Which country has a population pyramid with the widest base?

A

Ethiopia

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20
Q

Describe developing countries?(6 aspects)

A
  • low life expactancy
  • high death rate
  • high maternal mortality rate
  • high birth
  • high fertility rate
  • high infant mortality rate
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21
Q

What does the gini coefficient measure?

A

how much of the income of a country goes to the richest people in that country.

(measure of 1 tells us that all the income goes to the richest people.)

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22
Q

What is development?

A

An improvement in a country’s capacity to produce goods and services for its population

(Usually improves the standard of living in that country)

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23
Q

The _____ is an approximate measure of how corrupt the government is in a nation.

A

CPI(corruption perceptions index)

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24
Q

Which class of country would have the lowest fertility rates?

A

Developed

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25
Q

Which physical factors cause uneven development?

A
  • steep topography. (steep relief is bad for food production, building infrastructure and transport)
  • no natural resources
  • frequent natural hazards
  • landlocked
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26
Q

Despite good soil fertility, which climate/biome does Acemoglu claim has been historically bad for development?

A

Tropical

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27
Q

What are the main historical reasons for uneven development?

A
  • colonisation(raw materials flowed to colonial nations instead of the nations themselves
  • conflict
  • neo-colonialism(nations pay debts to richer more developed countries)
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28
Q

What economic factors cause uneven development(3 factors)

A

Low value add from primary production

(primary products exported instead of ‘adding value to the products)

Bad trade links andGeographic position

(diffcult to import and export)

High national dept(borrow money to help build econemies)

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29
Q

What % of GNI/GDP was Malawi spending on repaying its debt in 2005?

A

9.6

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30
Q

What are four economic and political causes of global inequalities?

A
  • poor systems of goverment(East Europe under the soviet union)
  • education and brain drain(best educated people try to live and work in a developed country
  • climate and health institutions(diseases more lieky in some climates e..g cholera-link to health care systems too
  • poor international relations(pay debts at higher intrest rates)
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31
Q

Under what type of government is development usually more extreme?

A

Authoritarian

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32
Q

What are three consequnces of poor international relations?

A
  • higher intrest rates on debts
  • can’t borrow money

-countries like the ivory coast have been in debt relief for several decades

33
Q

What are the four causes of uneven development?

A
  • international migration(for a better quality of life)
  • better income in developed countries
  • industrialisation releases pollutants into the enviroment
  • better health care systems-life expectancy
34
Q

What does Rostow’s modernisation theory forecast?

A

Countries will go through 5 stages of economic growth as it develops

35
Q

What are the 5 stages of Rostow’s modernisation theory?

A
  • traditional society
  • preconditions for take-off
  • take-off
  • drive to maturity
  • mass consumption
36
Q

What occurs at stage 4 of Rostow’s modernisation theory!

A
  • econemy grows
  • widespread technology adoption
  • standard of living increases
  • people get a greater income
37
Q

What does Frank’s dependency model state?

A

poor, peripheral countries stay poor because they are dependent on the rich

38
Q

What are 3 ways that richer countries can exploit poorer ones?

A
  • political interference(Marshall plan-influence
  • high intrest rates
  • core nations deminate trade
39
Q

What are the advantages top-down strategies of?

A
  • goverments have lots of money to invest in big infastructure projects
  • goverments can pay for long time periods and know they have enough money
  • goverments don’t have to invest purely focused on profit
40
Q

What are the disadvantages of top-down strategies?

A

-if public officals are corrupt, the money may not be spent on the project

41
Q

What are the advantages of bottom-up statergies?

A
  • uses the wisdom of the crowds, anyone with an idea can persue it.
  • local communities and individuals find it easier to build up a lot of support
  • New platforms support people getting funding
42
Q

What are the disadvantages of bottom-up strategies?

A
  • poor people who have ideas and need help are least likely to be able to get funding
  • cannot plan a project with insecure funding
43
Q

What do bottom-up stratetgies do?

A

Give small amounts of funding to individuals or communities

44
Q

What do top down stratetgies involve?

A

Goverments doing large scale projects

45
Q

What does globalisation mean?

A

workers in India and China compete with workers in the UK. Consumers can buy goods from any countries and nations can export their products globally.

46
Q

The process of globalisation:

A

the increase in trade and communication between countries internationally.

The internet, improvements in global transport (things like container shipping) and improvements in communication are the main causes of globalisation.

47
Q

How do TNCs increase globalisation?

A
  • they are buisnesses that sell goods and services globaly in lots of different countries
  • they create chains throughout the world and spread their culture
48
Q

How do goverments increase globalisation?

A
  • organisations like the EU encourage globalisation
  • free trade agreements and removing tariffs encourages trade instrad of producing all goods and services domestically
  • goverments like the Irish goverment offer tax insentives to operate in Ireland
49
Q

The internet, improvements in global transport (things like ______ shipping) and improvements in communication are the main causes of globalisation.

A

Container

50
Q

What do we call the process of growing connections between different countries?

A

Globalisation

51
Q

Advantages of IGO-funded large infrastructure projects?(like the world bank offering funding)

A

-these can improve a nation’s energy, sanitation or transport infastructure

52
Q

Disadvantages of IGO-funded large infrastructure projects

A

If the interest rate on borrowing is high, then governments will spend lots of money repaying the loans.

-IGO loans are received by governments. If a government is corrupt, only a small % of the money will go to the project.

53
Q

Which type of organisation would fund a large infrastructure project, such as building a hydroelectric power station?

A

Inter-governmental organisations

54
Q

An advantage of investment by _________ corporations in developing countries is that the host country will receive more income from taxes.

A

transnational

55
Q

What does intermediate technology refer to?

A

tools, machines and systems that improve quality of life, whilst being easy to use, affordable to get, and cheap to maintain.

56
Q

What is an intermediate technologies?

A

-solar-powered LED lightbulbs

57
Q

A disadvantage of large infrastructure projects in developing countries is that corrupt ___________ may embezlle the money.

A

Goverments

58
Q

What measure of development is calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per head and is measured on a scale ranging from 0 to 1?

A

HDI

59
Q

What happens to consumption of water, food and energy as development increases in a country?

A

Comsumption increases

60
Q

Who came up with the modernisation theory of development that predicts how the economic development of a country will change over time?

A

Rostow

61
Q

What is the human development index for India?

A

0.647

62
Q

What are commodities?

A

Raw materials

63
Q

Why does a growing secondary industry stimulate economic development?

A

Exporting manufactured products is better for development than exporting commodities (raw materials)
2
More of the value-added stays in the country

64
Q

What percent of India’s exports are made from mining minerals?

A

12.4%

65
Q

In India, which type of industry employs 50% of the workforce?

A

Primary

66
Q

What are the two main reasons behind India’s development?

A
  • globalisation

- goverment policies

67
Q

Why are Indian cities growing?

A

Rural-urban migration

Natural increase

68
Q

Developmen has improved India’s_____ system

A

Sewage

69
Q

Which Indian city is the most polluted city in the world?

A

Delhi

70
Q

What are two impacts of economic development in India?

A
  • higher quality of life

- damage to the enviroment(Delhi is the most polluted city in the world)

71
Q

What introduced 110 million toilet in India?

A

Clean india campagin

72
Q

Name an advantage of having TNCs in India?

A

Create jobs(18,000 people employed by Vodafone)

73
Q

Devleopment in india 1990-2014

A 
25% increase literacy rate for women (1990-2011)
2.6 decreased fertility rate (1990-2014)
10 years high life expectancy(1990-2014)
Part of G20
Now a big trader with the EU
74
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The process of all the world’s systems and cultures becoming more intergrated

75
Q

What is an example of a top down scheme in India?

A

Dams for hydroelectric power

76
Q

What are NGOs?

A

Non-govermental organisations

-independent from goverments such as charities

77
Q

What are IGOs?

A

Inter-govermental organisations:

  • world bank
  • un
78
Q

Globalisation def

A

Process of all the world’s systems and culture becoming more intergrated-the whole world coming together like a community

79
Q

Why does globalisation happen?

A

It happens because of the movement of money and people between countries, as well as businesses locating their operations and selling their products in more countries

GCSE Geography (13 decks)

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