Topic 5 Flashcards
Correlation
When a relationship can be established between 2 or more variables
Causation
The action of causing an event or relationship
What are non-communal diseases
Deficiency disease
Cardiovascular disease
Alcoholism
Breast cancer
Deficiency diseases
Affects the skin (scurvy), caused by lack of vitamin C, symptoms include swollen gums & loss of teeth
treatment are victim C
Cardiovascular disease
Affects the heart, cause by smoking, obesity & hypertension
Symptoms include chest pain, weakness, pain
Treatment include medication, heart transplant and increased exercise
Alcoholism
Causes liver disease
Cause by drinking too much,
symptoms include addiction to alcohol, liver cirrhosis, weak metabolism
Treatments include liver transplant, medications and addiction therapy
Breast cancer
Affects the breast
Caused by genes BRCA1 & KRCA2
Symptoms include swelling and lumps on breast, skin irritation, pains
Treatments include surgery and chemotherapy
Body mass index= ?/?
BMI= mass/height2
What are the problem with calculating the BMI
Doesn’t distinguish between Boyd fat & muscle, or excess body fat
Waist to hip ratio= ?/?
WHR= waist/hip
What’s the problem with waist to hip ratio
Implies that people with more body fat around the wait (apple body shape) face more health risks then people with fat on hope (pear body shape)
Examples of Cardiovascular diseases
Coronary heart disease
Peripheral arterial disease
Aortic aneurysms
Coronary heart disease
When the flow of oxygen rich blood to the heart is blocked
Peripheral arterial disease
When there’s a blockage in the arteries to the limbs
Aortic aneurysm
When the aorta becomes weakens & could burst
How to get rid of a CVD
Medication- aspirin, statin
Surgical procedures- transplant, bypass operation
Lifestyle change- exercise, diet change
What are pathogens that cause disease
Cholera Tuberculosis Chalaza ash tree Malaria AIDS
Cholera
aka vibrio cholera, type is bacteria, infects humans, symptoms are severe diarrhoea
Transmitted by water, prevented by eating cooked food & drinking clean water
Tuberculosis
aka mycobacterium tuberculosis, type of bacteria, infects humans, symptoms (effects the lungs), blood speculated, mucus, fever, weight loss
Transmitted by someone coughing into the air, prevented by self-isolation
Chalaza ash dieback
Aka hymenoscyplus fraxineus, type of fungus, infects ash trees, symptoms are black blocks in leaves, withered leaves
Transmitted by fungi asexually reproducing, prevented by burning infected leaves
Malaria
Aka Plasmodium, type protist, infects human, symptoms are that red blood cells multiply in the liver
Transmitted by being bitten by infected mosquito, prevented by using insect repellent, take malaria prevent tablets
AIDS
Aka human immunodeficiency virus, type virus, infects humans, symptoms are that it destroys wbc & weakens immune system
Transmitted by bodily fluid eg blood or semen by having sex, prevented by sing a comdom, don’t share a needle, daily pill
What are the first 2 stages of the Viral life cycle
- phage attaches to host cell & injects DNA
2. Phage DNA circularises and enters lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle
Lytic cycle
3A. New page DNA & proteins are synthesised & assembled into virions
4A. Cell lysis, releasing phage virions
Starts all over again
Lysogenic cycle
3B. Phage DNA integrates within the bacterial chromosome by recombination becoming a prophage
4B. Lysogenic bacteria reproduces normally (many cells divide)
5. Occasionally the prophage may excise from the bacterial chromosome by another recombinant event, imitating a lytic cycle
Disease
An abnormality in a human caused by a pathogenic organisms that affects the performance of key functions & can normally be detected by symptoms
An infection
The invasion of human tissue by a microbe with or without symptoms
A pathogen
Any organism that causes disease such as a bacteria, fungus, virus or protozoan
What are the 3 things white blood cells do
- Produces antitoxins (chemicals) to neutralise the poison produced by pathogens
- Produces antibodies which can make pathogens clump togther or cause them to burst open
- They surround the microbe and digest it (phagocytosis)
What are human bodies defence against microbes
Tears, sweat, white blood cells, HCl in the stomach, blood clotting, skin, mucus
What do lymphocytes produce
Anti-bodies to fight pathogens
Produces antibodies
- Due to chemicals released by the pathogen they are found by the pathogens are found by the white blood cells
- The WBC produces specific antibodies to fit the antigens (WBC)
- The antibodies fit into the antigens in the outside of the microbe
- The antibodies causes the microbe to stick together & make it easier for the other WBC to engulf them
What is a vaccine
When a fragment of a pathogen is placed inside the body
