Topic 4 Flashcards
How do species genetically differentiate
Babies are born with a genetic variation which gives them a competitive advantage at surviving
The ones with the mutation survive and the other don’t
Survivors breed & produce offspring with the genetic variation And the ones without die out
Soon the whole population have the genetic variation
Evolution
Dual change in the characteristics of a species over time
Types of humans from oldest to newest
Australopithecus
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Homo sapien
What is a trend from the oldest human to the newest
Older have small brains and big faces
Newest have big brains and small faces
What is the nickname for the ardipithecus
Lucy (is 4.4 million years old)
What is the trend with the oldest tools to the newest
They go from large and chunky to small, thin and sharp
Who discovered domains and kingdoms
Linnaeus in 1733 classified different organisms based off similar physical traits. He the. Provided them with their binomial names
Eg Homo sapian
Who is Woese
In the 1970s he suggested that there were 3 domains as well as 5 kingdoms
What are the 5 kingdoms
Prokaryotes, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What are the 3 domains
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Prokaryotes
Kingdom
Single celled with no nucleus & cell wall, it’s made of nutrition and feeds off others
Eg. Escherichia coil
Protista
Kingdom
Multi-cellular with a nucleus & possibly a cell wall, made of nitration and is heterotrophic
Fungi
Kingdom
Multi-cellular with a nucleus & a cell wall, is made of nutrition and is a self-feeder (photosynthesis)
Plantae
Kingdom
Uni-cellular with a nucleus & cell wall, made of nutrients and is a self-feeder (photosynthesis)
Animalia
Kingdom
Uni-cellular with a nucleus and no cell wall, made of nutrition and is to consume other substances
Eg birds & horses
Archaea
Domain
No nucleus, circular chromosomes, there are unused sections of gene, subcellular featured aren’t present
Eg. Sulfolobus
Bacteria
Kingdom
No nucleus, circular chromosome, no unused sections of genes, no subcellular features
Eukarya
Domain
A nucleus is present, linear chromosomes, there are unused sections of gene, subcellular features are present
Eg. Yeast
What is a pentadactyl limb
Has five fingered limbs
Selective breeding
Humans select individual (animal or plant) with favourable characteristics & breed to creat off-spring with the same characteristics
Why are plants genetically modified
To improve taste, greater yield, drought-resistance, frost-resistance, resistance to inspects pests, colour and size of flower
Why are animals genetically modified
For more milk and eggs
To have more fat on them
Produce more wool
Tissue culture
Part of a double-stranded DNA can be produced by a staggered cut using restriction enzymes
Staggered cut produces overhangs that complement together allowing complementary base pairing to occur between different DNA strands
Once in place, hydrogen bonding will occur between complementary bases & DNA ligase will catalyse the formation of phosphodiester bond between the adjacent nucleotide
GMO
A plant feeder that makes plants grow at an extreme rate & gains abilities
What are the advantages and disadvantages genetically modifying salmon
Advantage- grows twice it’s usual size as fast, needs less food
Disadvantage- might be harmful to humans, if it escaped it would be bad
What are the advantages and disadvantages genetically modifying cotton
Advantages- high resistance to pest, its biodegradable
Disadvantage- toxins against pests are only effective for 150 days
What are the advantages and disadvantages genetically modifying golden rise
Advantage- combatting hunger and health damage
Disadvantage- may be harmful
What is a biological control method
Using natural predictors to reduce the population of pests
