topic 5:1

Question 1

proportion of
void space in the material (holes or
cracks), unfilled by solid material, within
or between individual mineral grains and
is a measure of how much fluid the
material can store

Answer 1

porosity

Question 2

measure of how readily
fluids pass through the material. It is
related to the extent to which pores or
cracks are interconnected, and to their
size—larger pores have a lower surfaceto-volume ratio so there is less frictional
drag to slow the fluids down.

Answer 2

permeability

Question 3

Saturated zone or phreatic zone
is a volume of rock or soil above the
impermeable material that is watersaturated, in which water fills all the
accessible pore space.

Answer 3

subsurface water

Question 4

or vadose
zone is rock or soil above the saturated
zone in which the pore spaces are filled
partly with water, partly with air.

Answer 4

unsaturated zone

Question 5

all of the
water occupying pore space below the
ground surface this includes ground
water, soil moisture, and water in
unsaturated rocks.

Answer 5

subsurface water

Question 6

processes of infiltration
and migration or percolation by which
ground water is replaced

Answer 6

recharge

Question 7

occurs
where ground water flows into a stream,
escapes at the surface in a spring, or
otherwise exits the aquifer.

Answer 7

groundwater discharge

Question 8

rock that holds
enough water and transmits it rapidly
enough to be useful as a source of
water. Many of the best aquifers are
sandstones or other coarse clastic
sedimentary rocks, but any other type of
rock may serve if it is sufficiently porous
and permeable like a porous or fractured
limestone, fractured basalt, or
weathered granite.

Answer 8

aquifer

Question 9

rock that may
store a considerable quantity of water,
but in which water flow is slowed, or
retarded; that is, its permeability is low,
regardless of its porosity. Shales are
common aquitards.

Answer 9

aquitards

Question 10

used to describe
an extreme aquitard, a rock that is
essentially impermeable on a human
timescale; but virtually no rock would be
impermeable indefinitely, and the term
_____________has fallen into disuse.

Answer 10

aqiclude

Question 11

may be
recharged by infiltration over the whole
area underlain by that aquifer, if no
impermeable layers above to stop the
downward flow of water from surface to
aquifer

Answer 11

uncnfined aquifer

Question 12

under considerable pressure from the
adjacent rocks, or as a consequence of
lateral differences in elevation within the
aquifer

Answer 12

Confined aquife

Question 13

circular lowering
of the water table immediately around
the well in an unconfined aquifer

Answer 13

cone of depression

Question 14

Ways of Extending the water Supply
Conservation

Answer 14

• Irrigation
• Domestic use
• Interbasin Water Transfer
• Desalination
• filtration system
• Distillation