topic 3 Flashcards

1
Q

General type of communities with
similar climate conditions, growth
patterns, and vegetation types.

A

Biomes

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2
Q

Characteristics of biological
communities vary with temperature,
precipitation, and latitude

A

Terrestrial Biomes

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3
Q

occurs as vegetation
type change rapidly from warm and dry
to cold and wet as you go up a
mountain

A
  • Vertical zonation
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4
Q

found high
in the mountains where fog and
mist keep vegetation wet all the
time

A

Cloud Forests

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5
Q

rainfall is abundant –
more than 200 cm (80 in) per
year – and temperatures are
warm to hot year-round.

A

Tropical rainforests

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6
Q

soil of these forest
types tends to be old, thin, acidic, and
nutrient-poor, yet an enormous number
of species can be present

A

Tropical Moist Forests

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7
Q

located along the
equator of continents such as South
America, Africa, Asia and Australia.

A

TROPICAL RAINFOREST

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8
Q

best-known tropical
rainforests are

A

The Amazon (Brazil), El
Yunque (Puerto Rico), The Congo
(Africa).

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9
Q

usually
located on the eastern coastline with
warmer ocean currents, ranging
between 20 and 35 degrees of latitude,
but extending only about 15 degrees
equatorward and 40 degrees poleward
(Francis, 2019)

A

TROPICAL RAINFOREST

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10
Q

Drought-tolerant forests that look
brown and dormant in the dry season
but burst into vivid green during rainy
months.

A

Tropical Seasonal Forests

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11
Q

Often called Dry Tropical Forests
because they are dry much of the year;
however, there must be some periodic
rain to support tree growth

A

Tropical Seasonal Forests

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12
Q

also known as prairies or
steppes; receive between 25 and 75 cm
of rain per year.

A

Grasslands

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13
Q

extensive grasslands w/
occasional or patches of trees; typically
tropical w/ 50-150 cm of rain per year.

A

Savannas

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14
Q

Occur where precipitation is rare and
unpredictable, usually with less than 30
cm of rain per year.

A

Desert

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15
Q

Their vegetation is sparse, but it can be
surprisingly diverse, and most
plants and animals are highly adapted to
survive long droughts and extreme heat,
and many can survive extreme cold.

A

Desert

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16
Q

As in tropical latitudes, temperate
(mid-latitude) grasslands occur where
there is enough rain to support
abundant grass but not enough for
forests.

A

Temperate Grasslands

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17
Q

In Africa’s_____________ (southern edge of
the Sahara Desert), livestock are
destroying much of the plant cover

A

vast Sahel

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18
Q

Evergreen shrubs with small, leathery,
sclerophyllous (hard, waxy) leaves form
dense thickets.

A

Temperate Shrublands

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19
Q

example of this forest is the deciduous forest

A

Temperate Forest

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20
Q

Broadleaf forests occur throughout the
world where rainfall is plentiful.

A

Deciduous Forests

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21
Q

Can re-grow quickly because they
occupy moist, moderate climates

A

Deciduous Forests

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22
Q

located primarily in the eastern half
of the United States, Canada, Europe,
parts of Russia, Chile and Japan

A

TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST

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23
Q

Grow in a wide range of temperature
and moisture conditions.

occur where moisture is
limited: in cold climates, moisture is
unavailable (frozen) in winter

A

Coniferous Forests

24
Q

____________ Or Northern Forests
- Lie between about 50° and 60° north

A

Boreal Forest

25
Q

Mountainous areas at lower latitudes
may also have many characteristics and
species of the boreal forest.

A

Boreal Forest

26
Q

trees that grows in the boreal forest

A

trees are pines, hemlocks,
spruce, cedar, and fir.

27
Q

russian term for the boreal forests

A

taiga

28
Q

treeless landscape that occurs at high
latitudes or on mountaintops, has a
growing season of only two or three
months, and it may have frost any
month of the year.

A

tundra

29
Q

a very cold desert

A

tundra

30
Q

expansive biome that has low
productivity because it has a short
growing season

A

Arctic Tundra

31
Q
  • Occurring on a near mountain top, has
    environmental conditions and
    vegetation similar to arctic tundra.
A

Alpine Tundra

32
Q
  • Vary mainly with depth, temperature,
    and salinity.
  • Coral reefs and estuaries are among
    the world’s most productive and diverse
    ecosystem
A

Marine Ecosystem

33
Q

key feature of
aquatic ecosystems, mainly because light
decreases rapidly with depth

A

Vertical stratification

34
Q

light zone, often reaching about 20m
deep

A

photic zone

35
Q

microscopic floating
algae that carry on photosynthesis in
pelagic ecosystem

A

phytoplanktons

36
Q

small, weakly
swimming animals that feed on
phytoplankton.

A

zooplanktons

37
Q

Ocean Systems based on depth and
proximity to shore:

A

benthic
pelagic
epipelagic
mesopilagic
bethypelagic
abyssal zone
littoral zone
intertidal zone

38
Q

communities occur on
the bottom.

A

Benthic

39
Q

(from “sea” in
Greek) are the water column.

A

pelagic

40
Q

has photosynthetic organisms. and followed by the mesopelagic and bathypelagic

A

epipelagic

41
Q

Deepest layers: (to 4,000 m) and Hadal Zone
(deeper than 6,000 m)

A

abyssal zone

42
Q

shorelines.

A

littoral zones

43
Q

area exposed
by low tides

A

intertidal zones

44
Q

coral reefs

A

are among the best-known
marine ecosystems because of their
extraordinary biological productivity and
their diverse and beautiful organisms.

45
Q

trees that grow in salt
water. They occur along calm, shallow,
tropical coastlines around the world.

A

mangroves

46
Q

are bays where rivers empty
into the sea, mixing fresh water with salt
water.

A

estuaries

47
Q

shallow wetlands
flooded regularly or occasionally with
seawater, occur on shallow coastlines,
including estuaries.

A

salt marshes

48
Q

are depressions in a rocky
shoreline that are flooded at high tide
but retain some water at low tide.

A

tide pools

49
Q

low, narrow,
sandy islands that form to parallel to a
coastline. They occur where the
continental shelf is shallow and rivers or
coastal currents provide a steady source
of sediments

A

Barrier Islands

50
Q

Vary according to depth and light
penetration, which control size and
types of vegetation

A

Freshwater Ecosystems

51
Q

freshwater lakes distinct vertical zones:

A

benthos
epilimnion
hypolimnion
thermocline
mesolimnion

52
Q

Shallow ecosystems in which the land
surface is saturated or submerged at
least part of the year

A

wetlands

53
Q
  • Also known as wooded wetlands
  • Wetlands with trees.
A

swamps

54
Q
  • Wetlands without trees
A

marshes

55
Q

Areas of saturated ground, and usually
the ground are composed of deep layers
of accumulated, undecayed vegetation
known as peat

A

bogs

56
Q

Similar to bogs except that they are
mainly fed by groundwater, so that they
have mineral-rich water and specially
adapted plant species.

A

fens