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French
environner which means to encircle or
surround.

environment

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systematic study of our
environment and our proper
place in it.

Environmental Science

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highly interdisciplinary that
integrates natural sciences,
social sciences, and humanities
in a broad, holistic study of the
world around us and is mission-oriented

Environmental Science

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branch of
engineering that aims to improve the
quality of environment and promotes
protection of people from adverse
environmental effects like pollution.

Environmental engineering

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ancient
cities, the availability of a ________
supply became a defensive necessity

reliable water

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engineers who
built facilities for the civilian population
began to distinguish themselves from
the engineers primarily engaged in
matters of warfare

civil engineers

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scientific study of relationships
between organisms and their
environment

ecology

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The foundations of organisms
are the __________

carbon-based (organic)
compounds.

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Everything that takes up space and
has mass.

matter

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4 states of matter

solid, liquid, gas, plasma

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Substances that cannot be broken
down into simpler forms by ordinary
chemical reactions.

elements

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how many known elements are there

122 known
92 natural
30 man made

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Four Elements responsible for
more than 96% of the mass of most
living organisms

OXYGEN, CARBON,
HYDROGEN & NITROGEN

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Smallest particles that exhibit the
characteristics of an element.

atoms

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have
approximately the same mass and
they are clustered in the nucleus in
the center of the atom.

PROTONS AND NUETRONS

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smaller compare to
the other particles. They orbit the
nucleus at the speed of light

electrons

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is the
characteristic number of protons
per atom.

atomic number

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sum of protons
and neutrons.

atomic mass

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forms of an element
that differ in atomic mass

isotopes

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substances
composed of different kinds of
atoms

compounds

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pair or group of
atoms that can exist as a single unit.

molecules

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When atoms gain or lose electrons,
it acquires a negative or positive
electrical charge.

ions

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-Negatively charged
ions

anion

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-Positively charged ion

cation

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substances that readily give up hydrogen ions in water.

acids

substances that readily bond with H+ ions

bases

measure of acidity

foundation of living organisms

organic compounds

four major categories of organic compounds

lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

carry information between cells, tissues, and organs and the sources of intracellular energy.

nucleotides

long chains of nucleotides (2)

DNA and RNA

essential for storing and expressing genetic information

DNA and RNA

Minute compartments within which the processes of life are carried out.

cells

organisms with single cell

unicellular

examples od unicellular organisms

Bacteria, some algae, and protozoa

special class of proteins that carry out all the chemical reactions required to create various structures and provide energy and materials to carry out cell functions

enzymes

multitude of enzymatic reactions performed by an organism.

metabolism

ability to do work, such as moving matter over a distance or causing a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

energy (measured by heat)

types of energy

kinetic, potential, mechanical, chemical, heat

energy contained in moving objects

Kinetic Energy

stored energy that is dormant but available for us

Potential Energy

stored in the food that you eat and the gasoline that you put into your car

chemical energy

energy that can be transferred between objects of different temperature

heat

work done when one kg is accelerated at one meter per second per second.

Joule

amount of energy needed to heat one gram of pure water one degree Celsius.

calorie

study that deals with the transfer of energy in natural processes.

Thermodynamics

deals with the rates of flow and the transformation of energy from one form or quality to another

Thermodynamics

- organisms that have been discovered on Earth that survive in environments that were once thought not to be able to sustain life

(extremophiles

extremophiles get energy through

chemosynthesis.

process in which bacteria use chemical bonds between inorganic elements, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or hydrogen gas (H2), to provide energy for synthesis of organic molecules

chemosynthesis.

- essential to life.

solar energy

converts radiant energy into high-quality chemical energy in the bonds that hold together organic molecules

Photosynthesis

scientific study of relationships between organisms and their environment

ECOLOGY

– refers to all organisms of the same kind that are genetically similar enough to breed in nature and produce live, fertile offspring.

species

consists of all the members of a species living in a given area at the same time

population

All of the populations living and interacting in a particular area.

Biological Community

(Ecological system) is composed of a biological community and its physical environment. The environment includes:

ecosystem

nonliving components such as climate, water, minerals, and sunligh

Abiotic factors

examples are organisms and their products (secretions, wastes, and remains) and effects in a given area.

Biotic factors

One of the major properties of an ecosystem

Productivity

biological matter

biomass

- Two types of productivity:

primary and secondary

A linked feeding series.

food chain

Interconnection of individual food chains.

food web

From the Greek trophe which means “food”.

trophic

An organism’s feeding status in an ecosystem

Trophic Level

Organisms that photosynthesize, mainly green plants and algae.

Producers

Organisms that clean up dead carcasses of larger animals such as crows, jackals, and vultures.

Scavengers

Consume litter, debris, and dung such as ants and beetles.

Detritivores

Organisms that complete the final breakdown and recycling of organic materials such as fungi and bacteria.

Decomposer

graphical representation of the relationship between different organisms in an ecosystem

Ecological Pyramids

number of organisms in each trophic level without any consideration for their size.

Pyramid of numbers

- Presents the total mass of organisms at each trophic level. -largest at the bottom and gets smaller going up, but exceptions do exist.

Pyramid of biomass

Presents the total amount of energy present at each trophic level, as well as the loss of energy between trophic levels. and most widely used type of ecological pyramid

Pyramid of productivity

-path of water through our environment. -most familiar material cycle.

Hydrologic Cycle

water is heated by the sun, surface molecules become sufficiently energized to break free of the attractive force binding them together

Evaporation

Water vapor is also emitted from plant leaves by a process called t

Transpiration

Condensation

water vapor rises, it cools and eventually condenses, usually on tiny particles of dust in the air

in the form of rain, snow and hail comes from clouds.

precipitation

Excessive rain or snowmelt can produce overland flow to creeks and ditches

runoff

-Some of the precipitation and snow melt moves downwards percolates or infiltrates through cracks, joints and pores in soil and rocks until it reaches the water table where it becomes groundwater

Percolation

Subterranean water is held in cracks and pore spaces

groundwater

the level at which water stands in a shallow well.

water level

begins with the intake of carbon dioxide by photosynthetic organisms.

carbon cycle

make up 78% of our atmosphere.

nitrogen gas

only _________ and _______ can be used directly by plants

NO3 and NH4

most important among the many elements released to ecosystem from rock formations because it is often limited in supply.

Phosphorus Cycle

essential component of all cells

Phosphorus

key component of proteins, enzymes, and tissues.

Phosphorus