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ESE > topic 4 > Flashcards

topic 4 Flashcards

1
Q

a dynamic planet and
constantly changing structure.
The earth is layered sphere.

A

earth

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2
Q

layers of earth:

A

crust
mantle
outer core
inner ore

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3
Q

8 most common chemical elements

A

iron
oxygen
silicon
magnesium
nickel
calcium
aluminum
sodium

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4
Q

may preserve evidence of the
ancient climate of the time and
place in which the sediments
were deposited

A

sedimentary rocks

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5
Q

also
preserve fossil remains of
ancient life

A

sedimentary rocks

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6
Q

________began to publish his
ideas in 1912 and continued to
do so for nearly two decades.
He proposed that all the
continental landmasses had
once formed a single
supercontinent, _______- (Greek
for “_______”)

A

Alfred Wegener
Pangaea
all lands

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7
Q

the moving of the pangaea to modern continents

A

continental drift

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8
Q

Continental “drift” turned out
to be just one consequence of
processes encompassed by a
broader theory known as ________

A

plate
tectonics

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9
Q

study of large
scale movement and
deformation of the earth’s
outer layers.

A

tectonics

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10
Q

relates such
deformation to the existence
and movement of rigid “plates”
over a weaker, more plastic
layer in the earth’s upper
mantle.

A

plate
tectonics

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11
Q

OUTER ZONE OF THE EARTH

A

lithosphere
asthenosphere

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12
Q
  • Greek word lithos, meaning
    “rock”
  • Together they make up the
    outer solid layer of the earth
A

lithosphere

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13
Q

Greek word asthenes, meaning
“ without strength”
- The layer below the lithosphere

A

Asthenosphere

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14
Q

Lithospheric plate MOVE
APART.

A

DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES

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15
Q

Plates are MOVING TOWARD
EACH OTHER

A

CONVERFENT PLATE BOUNDARIES

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16
Q

A close look at a mid-ocean
spreading ridge reveals that it is
not a continuous rift thousands
of kilometers long. Rather,
ridges consist of many short
segments slightly OFFSET from
one another.

A

TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES

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17
Q

naturally
occurring, inorganic, solid
element or compound with a
definite chemical composition
and a regular internal crystal
structure.

A

MINERAL

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18
Q

two fundamental
characteristics of a mineral that
together distinguish it from all
other minerals are its ________ and _______

A

composistion
crystal structure

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19
Q

largest
compositional group of
minerals, all of which are
compounds containing silicon
and oxygen, and most of which
contain other elements as well.

A

SILICATES

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20
Q

Two most common elements in
the earth’s crust

A

silicon
oxygen

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21
Q

Name the silicate group or the distinction of silicates

A

QUARTZ
FELDSPARS
FERROMAGNESIAN
MICAS
CLAYS

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22
Q
  • The best known silicate
  • It is the simplest, containing
    only silicon and oxygen.
A

quartz

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23
Q

The most abundant group of
minerals in the crust is a set of
chemically similar minerals
known collectively as the
feldspars.

A

feldspars

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24
Q

The general term used to
describe those silicates usually
dark-colored that contain iron
and/ or magnesium, with or
without additional elements.

A

ferromagnesian

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25
Q

Are another group of several
silicates minerals with similar
physical properties,
compositions, and crustal
structures.

A

Micas

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26
Q

another family within the
sheet silicates

sheets tend to slide past each
other, a characteristics that
contributes to the slippery feel

A

clays

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27
Q

is defined
by some chemical constituent or
characteristics that all members of the
group have in common

A

Nonsilicates

28
Q

solid, cohesive
aggressive of one or more
minerals, or mineral materials

A

rock

29
Q

three broad categories of
rocks ___________ are distinguished
by the processes of their
formation,

A

igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic

30
Q

rock
formed by the solidification and
crystallization of a cooling
magma.

A

IGNEOUS ROCK

31
Q

derived from the
Latin term ignis, meaning “fire”

A

igneous

32
Q

name given to
naturally occurring hot, molten
rock material.

A

magma

33
Q

name is derived from Pluto,
the Greek god of the lower
world.

A

PLUTONIC IGNEOUS ROCK

34
Q

most
widely known example of a
plutonic rock

A

granite

35
Q

______ that flows out on the
earth’s surface while still whally
or partly molten is called lava

A

magma

36
Q

the
term ______ is given to an
igneous rock formed at or close
to the earth’s surface,

A

volcanic

37
Q

are loose,
unconsolidated accumulations
of mineral or rock particles that
have been transported by wind,
water, or ice, or shifted under
the influence of gravity, and
redeposited.

A

sediments

38
Q

The set of processes by which
sediments are transformed into
rock

A

lithification

39
Q

lithification comes from the greek words what?

A

lithos = stone
klastos = broken

40
Q

most often named on the basis
of the average size of the
particles that form the rock

A

Clastic sedimentary rocks

41
Q

rock composed
of sand-sized sediment
particles, 16 to 2 millimeters
(0.002 to 0.8 inches) in
diameter

A

sandstone

42
Q

made up of finer grained sediments, and the
individual grains

A

shale

43
Q

relatively
coarse-grained rock, with
fragments above 2 millimeters

A

conglomerate

44
Q

Form not from mechanical
breakup and transport of
fragments, but from crystals
formed by precipitation or
growth from solution.

A

chemical sedimentary rocks

45
Q

composed
mostly of calcite (calcium
carbonate)

A

limestone

46
Q

made up of the
mineral halite, which is the
mineral name for ordinary
table salt (sodium chloride).

A

rock salt

47
Q

important example,
derived from the remains of
land plants that flourished and
died in swamps

A

coal

48
Q

formed from another,
preexisting rock that was
subjected to heat and/ or
pressure.

A

metamorphic rock

49
Q

give the 6 metamorphic rocks

A

Metaconglomerate
metavolcanic
Quartzite
Marble
amphibolite
Slate

50
Q

focuses on
the study of Earth’s materials
and resources that have
economic value.

A

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY

51
Q

play a
crucial role in identifying and
assessing deposits of minerals,
ores, fossil fuels, and other
natural resources that are
essential for various industries
and economic activities.

A

ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST

52
Q

study of resources that are
valuable for manufacturing and
are, therefore, an important
part of domestic and
international commerce.

A

ECONOMIC MINEROLOGY

53
Q

consumed in
greatest quantity by wolrd
industry include iran

A

metals

54
Q

a broad
class that covers resources form
silicate minerals (gemstone,
mica, talc, and asbestos) to
sand, gravel, salts, limestone,
and soils.

A

nonmetals

55
Q

Durable, highly valuable, and
easily protable, gemstones and
precious metals have long been
a way to store and transport
wealth.

A

nonmetals

56
Q

ncient method of
accumulating gold, diamond,
and coa

A

placer mining

57
Q

mine
tunnels occasionally collapse,
and natural gas in coal mines
can explode.

A

Underground mining

58
Q

used to
extract massive beds of metal
ores and other minerals

A

Open-pit mines

59
Q

mining method mainly
practiced in Appalachia.

A

Over mountaintop removal

60
Q

which is
often used to get metals from
low-grade ore,

A

Heap-leach extraction

61
Q

name the 7 geological hazards

A
  • Earthquake
  • Tsunami
  • Volcanoes
  • Mass wasting
  • Landslide
  • Floods
  • Beach erosion
62
Q

long-term change in the average
weather patterns that have come to
define Earth’s local, regional and global
climates.

A

climate change

63
Q

2 Key aspects of climate change

A

Greenhouse effects and Global warming

64
Q

refers to the long-term
regional or even global average
of temperature, humidity and
rainfall patterns over seasons,
years or decades.

A

climate

65
Q

a muscular type of rock that appeared in many Hollywood blockbuster movies

A

Dwayne Johnson

ESE (9 decks)

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