topic 4 Flashcards
a dynamic planet and
constantly changing structure.
The earth is layered sphere.
earth
layers of earth:
crust
mantle
outer core
inner ore
8 most common chemical elements
iron
oxygen
silicon
magnesium
nickel
calcium
aluminum
sodium
may preserve evidence of the
ancient climate of the time and
place in which the sediments
were deposited
sedimentary rocks
also
preserve fossil remains of
ancient life
sedimentary rocks
________began to publish his
ideas in 1912 and continued to
do so for nearly two decades.
He proposed that all the
continental landmasses had
once formed a single
supercontinent, _______- (Greek
for “_______”)
Alfred Wegener
Pangaea
all lands
the moving of the pangaea to modern continents
continental drift
Continental “drift” turned out
to be just one consequence of
processes encompassed by a
broader theory known as ________
plate
tectonics
study of large
scale movement and
deformation of the earth’s
outer layers.
tectonics
relates such
deformation to the existence
and movement of rigid “plates”
over a weaker, more plastic
layer in the earth’s upper
mantle.
plate
tectonics
OUTER ZONE OF THE EARTH
lithosphere
asthenosphere
- Greek word lithos, meaning
“rock” - Together they make up the
outer solid layer of the earth
lithosphere
Greek word asthenes, meaning
“ without strength”
- The layer below the lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Lithospheric plate MOVE
APART.
DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES
Plates are MOVING TOWARD
EACH OTHER
CONVERFENT PLATE BOUNDARIES
A close look at a mid-ocean
spreading ridge reveals that it is
not a continuous rift thousands
of kilometers long. Rather,
ridges consist of many short
segments slightly OFFSET from
one another.
TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES
naturally
occurring, inorganic, solid
element or compound with a
definite chemical composition
and a regular internal crystal
structure.
MINERAL
two fundamental
characteristics of a mineral that
together distinguish it from all
other minerals are its ________ and _______
composistion
crystal structure
largest
compositional group of
minerals, all of which are
compounds containing silicon
and oxygen, and most of which
contain other elements as well.
SILICATES
Two most common elements in
the earth’s crust
silicon
oxygen
Name the silicate group or the distinction of silicates
QUARTZ
FELDSPARS
FERROMAGNESIAN
MICAS
CLAYS
- The best known silicate
- It is the simplest, containing
only silicon and oxygen.
quartz
The most abundant group of
minerals in the crust is a set of
chemically similar minerals
known collectively as the
feldspars.
feldspars
The general term used to
describe those silicates usually
dark-colored that contain iron
and/ or magnesium, with or
without additional elements.
ferromagnesian
Are another group of several
silicates minerals with similar
physical properties,
compositions, and crustal
structures.
Micas
another family within the
sheet silicates
sheets tend to slide past each
other, a characteristics that
contributes to the slippery feel
clays
is defined
by some chemical constituent or
characteristics that all members of the
group have in common
Nonsilicates
solid, cohesive
aggressive of one or more
minerals, or mineral materials
rock
three broad categories of
rocks ___________ are distinguished
by the processes of their
formation,
igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic
rock
formed by the solidification and
crystallization of a cooling
magma.
IGNEOUS ROCK
derived from the
Latin term ignis, meaning “fire”
igneous
name given to
naturally occurring hot, molten
rock material.
magma
name is derived from Pluto,
the Greek god of the lower
world.
PLUTONIC IGNEOUS ROCK
most
widely known example of a
plutonic rock
granite
______ that flows out on the
earth’s surface while still whally
or partly molten is called lava
magma
the
term ______ is given to an
igneous rock formed at or close
to the earth’s surface,
volcanic
are loose,
unconsolidated accumulations
of mineral or rock particles that
have been transported by wind,
water, or ice, or shifted under
the influence of gravity, and
redeposited.
sediments
The set of processes by which
sediments are transformed into
rock
lithification
lithification comes from the greek words what?
lithos = stone
klastos = broken
most often named on the basis
of the average size of the
particles that form the rock
Clastic sedimentary rocks
rock composed
of sand-sized sediment
particles, 16 to 2 millimeters
(0.002 to 0.8 inches) in
diameter
sandstone
made up of finer grained sediments, and the
individual grains
shale
relatively
coarse-grained rock, with
fragments above 2 millimeters
conglomerate
Form not from mechanical
breakup and transport of
fragments, but from crystals
formed by precipitation or
growth from solution.
chemical sedimentary rocks
composed
mostly of calcite (calcium
carbonate)
limestone
made up of the
mineral halite, which is the
mineral name for ordinary
table salt (sodium chloride).
rock salt
important example,
derived from the remains of
land plants that flourished and
died in swamps
coal
formed from another,
preexisting rock that was
subjected to heat and/ or
pressure.
metamorphic rock
give the 6 metamorphic rocks
Metaconglomerate
metavolcanic
Quartzite
Marble
amphibolite
Slate
focuses on
the study of Earth’s materials
and resources that have
economic value.
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
play a
crucial role in identifying and
assessing deposits of minerals,
ores, fossil fuels, and other
natural resources that are
essential for various industries
and economic activities.
ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST
study of resources that are
valuable for manufacturing and
are, therefore, an important
part of domestic and
international commerce.
ECONOMIC MINEROLOGY
consumed in
greatest quantity by wolrd
industry include iran
metals
a broad
class that covers resources form
silicate minerals (gemstone,
mica, talc, and asbestos) to
sand, gravel, salts, limestone,
and soils.
nonmetals
Durable, highly valuable, and
easily protable, gemstones and
precious metals have long been
a way to store and transport
wealth.
nonmetals
ncient method of
accumulating gold, diamond,
and coa
placer mining
mine
tunnels occasionally collapse,
and natural gas in coal mines
can explode.
Underground mining
used to
extract massive beds of metal
ores and other minerals
Open-pit mines
mining method mainly
practiced in Appalachia.
Over mountaintop removal
which is
often used to get metals from
low-grade ore,
Heap-leach extraction
name the 7 geological hazards
- Earthquake
- Tsunami
- Volcanoes
- Mass wasting
- Landslide
- Floods
- Beach erosion
long-term change in the average
weather patterns that have come to
define Earth’s local, regional and global
climates.
climate change
2 Key aspects of climate change
Greenhouse effects and Global warming
refers to the long-term
regional or even global average
of temperature, humidity and
rainfall patterns over seasons,
years or decades.
climate
a muscular type of rock that appeared in many Hollywood blockbuster movies
Dwayne Johnson
