Topic 4 - Uk Physical Landscape (set C)✔️

Question 1

Explain how igenous rocks are formed?

Answer 1

Formed when molten rock (magma) from the mantle cools down and hardens - the rock forms crystals as it cools

Question 2

Features of igneous rock and an example of an igneous rock?

Answer 2

Igneous rocks are usually hard - e.g. granite

Question 3

How are sedimentry rocks formed?

Answer 3

Formed when layers of sediment are compacted together until they become solid rock

Question 4

Give two exmaples of the main sedimentry rocks in the UK, their features and how they are made?

Answer 4

• carboniferous limestone and chalk (formed from tiny shells and skeltons of dead sea creatures) - limestone is hard but chalk is much softer
• clays and shales (made from mud and clay minerals) they are very soft

Question 5

Explain how metamorphic rocks are formed? Example of a rock formed this way?

Answer 5

Formed when other rocks (igneous , sedimentry or older metamorphic rocks) are changed by heat and pressure - the new rock becomes harder and more compact - and example is shale which becomes slate and with further pressure become schist

Question 6

What type of rocks are formed in the north of the UK? Are they harder of softer?

Answer 6

Harder rocks like:
- igenous rocks
- metamorphic rocks and schist
- carboniferous limestone

Question 7

What type of rocks are found in the south of th UK? Are they harder of softer?

Answer 7

Softer rocks like:
- clays and sandstones
- chalk and mudstones

Question 8

How have volcanos skaped the UK landscape?

Answer 8

Active volcanos forced magma through the earths crust which cooled and formed igneous rocks for example granite

Question 9

How did plate collisions shape the UK landscape?

Answer 9

• plate collisions caused the rocks to be folded and uplifted, forming mountain ranges, for example the scottish highlands - the igneous granite is hard and more resistant to erosion
• the intense heat and pressure caused by plate collisions formed hard metamorphic rocks

Question 10

Explain how plate movements shaped the UK landscape? Include refrence to the formation of rocks?

Answer 10

• plate movements meant Britian was in the tropics and higher sea levels meant it was partly underwater - carboniferous limestone formed in the warm shallow seas
• youngest rocks in the uk were formed in the south of England - chalks and clays formed in shallow seas and swamps, which are softer and easily eroded - they form lowland landscapes

Question 11

3 Features of granite?

Answer 11

• very resistant, found in upland landscapes
• has lots of unevenly spread joints (cracks) areas that have fewer joints are weathered more slowly which results in them sticking out at the surface forming tors
• granite is impermeable

Question 12

Explain how granite is responsible for creating moorlands?

Answer 12

Granite is impermeable so it does not let water through which creates large areas of waterlogged land and acidic soil with low-growing vegetation (moorlands)

Question 13

3 features of slate and schist?

Answer 13

• slate forms in layers creating weak planes of rock
• generally hard and resistant to weathering - but easily split into small flakes
• often form rugged upland landscapes - they are impermeable which can lead to moorland

Question 14

2 features of carboniferous limestone?

Answer 14

• rainwater slowly eats away at limestone through carbonation weathering which mostly happens along joints in the rock which can creates caverns and gorges
• is permeable so limestone areas have dry valleys and resurgent rivers

Question 15

What are resurgent rivers? what are they caused by?

Answer 15

Rivers that pop out at the surface when limestone is on top of impermeable rock

Question 16

3 features of chalk and clay?

Answer 16

• chalk is harder than clay and forms escarpments (hills) in the uk lowland and cliffs at the coast
• chalk is permeable - water flows through it and emerges as a spring where it meets impermeable rock

-clay is very soft and easily eroded - forms wide flat valleys with lots of streams and rivers as clay is impermeable

Question 17

How did ice change the UK landscape?

Answer 17

Ice is powerful so it was able to erode the landscape, carving out large u-shaped valleys in upland areas like the Lake district

Question 18

How have Glaciers shaped the UK landscape?

Answer 18

Glaciers have deposited lots of material as they melted - landscapes formed by glacial meltwater and deposits extend south of the ice sheets

Question 19

Define weathering?

Answer 19

Breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces - it can be mecahnical,chemical or biological

Question 20

Define erosion?

Answer 20

Erosion wears away rock - rivers and the sea now constantly erode the landscape

Question 21

How do post-glacial river processes alter the landscape?

Answer 21

Melting ice at the end of glacial periods make rivers much bigger than normal with more power to erode the landscape

Question 22

Give 4 physical processes that erode and change the landscape?

Answer 22

• erosion
• weathering
• post-glacial river processes
• slope processes

Question 23

What are slope processes?

Answer 23

Include mass movements eg rockfalls, slides , slumps and soil creep

Question 24

Explain how Snowdonia has been affected by physical processes?

Answer 24

• has a large basin - hollowed out by ice during glacial times
• large u-shaped valley was eroded by ice and contains misfit rivers
• lots of rain and the rock is impermeable so there are lots of streams which cause erosion

Question 25

How have humans changed the landscape through agriculture?

Answer 25

• cleared forests to make space for farming
• hedgerows and walls have been put in to mark out fields

Question 26

What type of conditions are best for arable,dairy and sheep farming?

Answer 26

• arable - flat land and good soil is used for growing crops
• dairy - warm and wet areas which have lots of large, grassy fields
• sheep - takes place in harsher conditions and has led to a lack of trees on hills (due to young trees being eaten or trampled)

Question 27

How have humans changed the landscape through foresty?

Answer 27

• coniferous forests have been planted for timber - forests look unatural and are planted in straight lines
• very little natural deciduous woodlan left

Question 28

Define forestry?

Answer 28

The management of areas of woodland - they can be used for timber, recreation or conservation

Question 29

How have humans changed the landscape through settlement?

Answer 29

• land was concreted over for roads and buildings - which has affected drainage patterns
• some rivers were diverted through undeground channels
• river channels were straightend or had embankments built to prevent flooding

Question 30

what factors influence where settlements have developed?

Answer 30

• water supply
• being easy to defend
• sheltered from wind and rain