Topic 3 - Urban Challenges✔️ Flashcards
Define what a world city is?
Large megacities which have an imprtant role in the worlds affairs and have urban primacy an example is London which not only dominates the uks economy but is important globaly
Define urban primacy?
An importance and influence bigger than their size suggests
Define urbanisation?
The growth in the proportion of a countrys population living in urban areas
Define a megacity?
City with a population of over 10 million
What are the 4 of the Influences from megacitys?
-investment
-migration
-transport
-goverments and headquaters
How do megacitys influence investment?
businesses often located there attracting investment in infrastructure and services
How do megacitys influence migration?
lots of jobs so people move there to find work and are also drawn to the higher pay
How do megacitys influence governments and headquaters?
descions about development and investment favour the city
What type of jobs are in pre-industrial period?
Faming,mining and fishing
What type of jobs are in industrial period?
Manufacturing industry and towns grow rapidily some teritary employment provides services such as water and electricity
Define urbanisation?
More people move to towns and cities due to better pay,services and transport
Define suburbaisation?
More people move out of crowded busy cities to the suburbs where land is cheaper
Define de-industrialisation?
Industry in cities start to decline often a result of technological change as it develops
Define regeneration?
Older cities start to redevelop their run down inner city areas to attract people and investment
Define counter-urbanisation?
People choose to leave cities and move to rural areas - leads to population decline and improvments in IT mean more people can work from home
How does accessibility affect land use?
Shops and offices need to be accesible to everyone and shop centres are normaly near train stations
How does cost affect land use?
City centres have the highest land cost so there are few houses - houses tend to increase in size frommthe inner city to suburbs
How does availability affect land use?
Buisness extend upward due to high land price and old terraced houses are redeveloped into luxury houses - larger buildings are built on the edge of cities
How does planning regulations affect land use?
Strict planning regulations so polluting indistries may be banned with some areas having designated green belt zones which stops the land being built on
Define site?
Actual place where people decide to locate their settlement
Define situation?
The situation of a city relates to its surrounding features, both human-made and natural - include features that are external to the settlement
Function of Lagos island + location (eg near transport/edge/lagoon) - CBD?
Morden high rise office buildings, local government headquaters and banks - good transport surrounded by a major road and water - (built 1920 - oldest part of the city)
Function of Mushin + location (eg near transport/edge/lagoon) - inner city?
Older, high-density, low quality houses - has major road and railway - (built 1960)
Function of Ikeja + location (eg near transport/edge/lagoon) - inner city?
Large industrial estate built in 1960s, with factories making plastics and textiles - has a major road and is near an airport - (built 1960)
Function of victoria island + location (eg near transport/edge/lagoon) - suburbs?
Modern, high class residential and commercial - lots of buisnesses and shops - near a major road and has public transport (buses) - (built 1960)
Function of Ojo + location (eg near transport/edge/lagoon) - RUF?
Sprawiling,low density new housing on the outskirts of the city - has a major road - (built 1967)
function of Lekki + location (eg near transport/edge/lagoon) - RUF?
New industrial zone and port being built - has a port and water - (built 2006)
How have the slums in Lagos developed into more urban areas?
Slums have developed on less desirable land on the outskirts of Lagos - overtime the city has sprawled outwards, beyond many of the slums and they now form part of the main urban area of Lagos
Why has Lagos mainly spread north?
It cannot expand easily out over the lagoon to the east and is blocked to the west due to major rivers - however has expanded somewhat west around Ojo
Why has Lago expanded outwards?
Lots of people are forced to move the the RUF as they cant afford rising house prices in the inner city
How is land being reclaimed from the lagoon?
Land arround the CBD is in high demand and very valuable so artificial islands have been built eg Banana isalnd and Eko Alantic on reclaimed land and contain huge houses in gated communitys - rich areas
How is the land use in slums changing?
Previously empty areas are now built on e.g. slums are built on areas of wasteland.In other undersirable locations like Makoko people have built wooden huts on stilts in the lagoon - some slums have been upgraded becoming more permanent with new 3-4 storey apartments replacing the huts e.g. Badia East - some parts of the slums have been cleared by the goverment for development of the waterfront
How has the land use of old middle-class residentials like Ikoyi changed?
Middle-class residentials have become high class luxury housing like Ikoyi (one of the richest neighbourhoods in Lagos) with lots of luxury shops and hotels alongside redeveloped apartments
How has the land use in makoko changed?
Some parts of the Makoko slums have been cleared by the government to allow development of desirable areas of the waterfront
1 factor of natural increase which has affected Lagos?
-high rates of natural increase - higher birth rate then death rate so more people are being born and less people are dying
3 factors of migration which has affected Lagos?
-migration from northern states of Nigeria where there is religious ad ethnic conflict and high levels of poverty
-countries bordering Nigeria are poorer and people migrate to Lagos for a better life
-lots of rural-urban migration
3 factors of economic investment which has affected Lagos?
-rapid economic development in oil and building
-goverment financing of construction created jobs
-TNCs employing migrants from usa, uk and china attract workers
Define spatial growth?
The outward growth of a city either into and beyond the RUF or on reclaimend land
Define urban function?
The typical function of an area affects the type of buildings,housing and infrastructure you find there - eg retail,offices,ports or factories
What does the gini coefficient measure?
Income inequality - statistic is between 0 (completely equal population - everyone with the same level of wealth) and 1 (complete inequality - one persin with all wealth)
Features (life expectancy/student completing education/GDP/ % of pop with waste water collection) of Eko Alatnic - urban rich?
-life expectancy is 68
-82% completing primary education
-GDP is $10,450
-85% of population with water waste colection
Features (life expectancy/student completing education/GDP/ % of pop with waste water collection) of Makoko - urban poor?
-life expectancy is 47
-45% completing primary education
-GDP is $985
-12% of population with waste water collection
4 benefits of living in Lagos?
-higher pay - up to 4 times more
-able to go to school
-1 hour walk from nearest health centre
-Goverment funded schools
How are some people preventing the gap between rich and poor people from closing?
Corruption is common in Nigeria - the goverment will introduce new laws but the rich know they can ignore them and bribe the police if caught - wealthy elite can stop plans to build new infrastructure like railways because they have buisness intrests in the lorries that supply the city
How is the challenge of squatter settlements affecting Lagos?
-60% of population live in slums
-houses are often flimsy wooden huts closely packed together and are ilegale with the residents facing eviction if slums are destroyed
-electricity comes from illegal connections
-crime is high - group called ‘area boys’ act as informal police and commit crimes
How is the challenge of traffic congestion affecting Lagos?
-limited public transport with plans to improve the infrastructure
-CBD is on an island with only 3 bridges linking it to the rest of the city
-little investment into transport infrasturcture resulting in massive queues which result in long journey times to work
How is the challenge of waste disposal affecting Lagos?
-lack of proper services - Makoko communal toilets are shared by 15 households
-lots of waste produced arround 9000 tonnes per day
-only about 47% of waste is collected - large rubbish dumps with toxic waste
How is the challenge of poor employment conditions affecting Lagos?
-are not enough formal jobs so people have to make money other ways
-60% of population work in informal jobs eg street sellers,barbers
-no proection for informal obs - street sellers stalls are bulldozed to make way for new development and road widening
How is the challenge of water supply affecting Lagos?
-only 40% of the city is connected to the stae water supply 0 with the pipes rusting resulting in the water being contaminated with sewage
-water is in short supply less then half suplied by state water company
How are their inequalities for the poor in lagos?
Poor cant afford high quality housing and end up in dangrous slums where it can easily flood - electric is not available for most in the slums and have to use polluting cooking stoves which reduce quality of life - lack of waste disposal leads to high health risks
What is the quality of life like for the rich in Lagos?
The very rich live in large luxurious gated communities like banana island - they can afford to live close to work and avoid the traffic jams - and where other poorer neighbourhoods take it in turn shairing electricity the rich can have their own private generators
What are four ways the goverment is making Lagos more substainable - Top down?
-improving water supply- begun working on a 2.5 bil plan with new water treatment plants
-improving waste disposal - collection vans at night (less traffic) are going to all areas of the city - recycling banks are being put into every estate and the resident are encouraged to sort and recycle their waste
-improving traffic congestion - two light rail lines are under construction and will connect the CBD on Lagos island with the north and west of the ciy
-improving air quality - government banned the import of small generators and the community is encouraged to run 1 big generator
What are three ways NGOs are trying to improve Lagos’ substainability?
-improving healthcare - aim to open community health centres
-improving city housing - SEAP (nigerian NGO) is offering small loans to poor communities so that they can move out of the slums
-improving education - charity is aiming to improve school attendance and the quality of education by renovating schools and through teacher training programs
Advantages of Top-down strategies?
-can achieve large improvments that affect the whole city
-can carry out higher cost projects that NGOs would not be able to fund
-can adress economic,social and enviormental sustainability
Disadvantages of Top-down strategies?
-often very expensive - nigerian goverment had to borrow a billion for construction of rail line
-dont always have the support of the communities - rapid bus transit is delayed due to cars and stalls blocking the bus lane
-may not help the most in need - eg ban on generators affects the poor most as they can not afford cleaner alternatives
Advantages of bottom-up strategies?
-planned with local community - has their support and targest the issues that most concern the local people
-funded by donation from developed countries - low cost to the people they help or the goverment
Disadvantages of bottom-up strategies?
-smaller scale - help less people
-funding may be less during economic recessions - less people have money to donate
-can lack coordination can be several NGOs with the same aims working seperately
