Topic 2 - Development Dynamics✔️ Flashcards
Population structure - what does a wide base show?
Wide base shows a large number of young people - more pronounced in developing countrys - more people having children as some will die and also need children to help on farms ext - developed country more women choosing to study over have kids
What is birth rate?
Number of births per 1000 people a year
What is death rate?
Number of deaths per 1000 people per year
What is fertility rate?
Average numbe of births per woman in her reproductive life
What is life expectancy?
Average number of years a person can expect to live
What is maternal mortality?
Number of mothers that die per 100,000 in childbirth
Who was Walt Rostow?
An american economist who proposed Rostows Modernisation theory (based on european development) was also anti-communist.
What are the 5 levels of development?
1)Traditional society - least developed
2)Pre-take off society
3)Take of stage
4)drive to maturity
5)high mass consumption - most developed
What are the features of a Traditional society?
most peolple work in agriculture - produce little surplus (extra food to sell) features a subsistence economy (technology is very limited)
What are the features of Pre- Take-off Society?
Shift from farming to manufacturing - trade increases - profit invested into new industries and infrastructure - agrictulture producs cash crops for sale
What are the features of Take of Society?
Growth is rapid - investment and technology create new manufacturing industries (Take-off requires investment from profit earned from overseas trade)
What are the features of Drive to maturity?
Period of growth - technology used throughout the economy with industries producing consumer goods
What are the features of high mass consumption?
Period of comfort - consumers enjoy wide range of goods - societies choose how to spend wealth either on military,education or on luxuries.
What was Rostows belief on capitalsim?
He believed that capitalism was fundamental for economic growth
Criticism of mordernisation theory?
-does not account for climate change - could stop country getting out of stage 1.
-does not specify how long each stage is
What happens to each job sector in Rostows Mordernisation theory as dou try develops?
Primary sector - decreases
Secondary sector - starts increasing then decreasing
Tertiary sector - increases
Who was Andre Frank and what was his model?
1967 Franks an economist developed dependency theory - argued capitalsim was major cause of poverty - based theory on core countrys and periphery countrys
What are core countrys?
Core countrys repersented powerful nations like america and europe
What are peripheral countrys?
Developing countrys like south America
Capitalism benefits the core countries because ….?
Rich countries sell their manufactured goods and services at high prices to developing countries in turn they but raw materials from developing countries at a lot lower price.
Why and how does the periphery depend on the Core?
Periphery and developing countries rely on core countrys for manufactured goods and services
Rich/core countries benefit from the poor by?
Rich/core countries exploit natural resources such as oil, metals, minerals, timbers, tea, coffee for cheap and in turn sell the periphery countrys maufactured goods at a high price
Criticism of Franks model?
-many developing countries were never colonsied still remain poor
-country followed socialist model still remain poor eg Tanzania
What is Franks model based on?
Based on chain of exploitation - begins with small towns in the periphery developing at the expense of surrounding rural ares - core then develops at the expense of small towns
What is bottom up development?
local people and communities decide on ways to improve their own community - non govement organisations often involved (usually small scale intermediate technology)
What is top down development?
Goverment or large oranisations makes descions on how to increases development and direct the project (usually expensive, large projects)
What is the main pro with bottom up development?
- More appropiate in terms of cost and skills
- helps people directly
What are NGO?
Are non goverment organisations - opperates independently of any goverment - typically one whos purpose is to address a social or political issues eg water aid
What are IGO?
Inter governmental organisation aid - an entity created by treaty involving two or more nations to work in good faith on issues of common intrests eg world bank
Example of bottom up in India?
ASTRA devloped idea to use Biogas - uses cow waste to produce biogas which can be used as gas to cook and for genrators to power lights
Pros of biogas?
- 200,000 permanent jobs
- instant heat - girls dont have to collect firewood
- no ash - no need to clean
- used for genrators to power lights and pumping water
Issues with biogas?
- cows need to be looked after and fed
- money will need to be spent on maintaing biogass plants
What is the aim of biogas in India?
Provide easy and cheap energy which does not require girls to collect 25 kg of firewood a day and can instead go to school (bottum up aid)
What is the Sardar Sarovar Dam?
Example of top-down - designed to store water from rain for dry season it will be built on the narmada river and will help with demand for water
Pros of the sardar Sarovar dam?
- provides 3.5 billion lires of drinking water daily
- helps farmers irigate 1.8 million hectares of farmland
Cons with sardar saroar dam?
- 320,00 forced to move
- good quality farmland and religious sites flooded
What are TNCS?
TNCS - transnational corporations are companies that produce and sell products and are located in more than one country (eg apple)
How does TNCS help gloalisations?
TNCS help increases globalisation because it links countries throuch the production and sale of goods - such as nike employing people in Turkey to make trailers also brings culture from their country of origin to other countries
How does TNCS promote a culture of consumerism?
When developing countries start developing and earning money they want to buy the products that they see in developed countries - makes TNCS wealthier
what is FDI?
Foregin direct investment - when a country invests money and resources into a foregin country
Why are TNCS attracted to developing countries?
Attracted to emerging countrys due to lower wage costs
Examples of goverment organisations?
- europiean union
- G20
- world trade organisations
What is an EPZ?
Export-processing zone example is shezhen genrealy set up in developing countries to help attract FDI and normaly offers firms free trade
How does FDI help development?
When countrys invest in another countrys infrastructure (saving that country the money they would have spent) eg by providing, internet, roads, education (helps the country develop faster)
What is meant by the term ‘site’?
Site - land upon which a settlemant occurs
What is meant by the term ‘situation’?
Situation - position of a settlement in relation to surrounding human and physical features
Site factors affecting india - give 3?
- south east asia
- 3,280,000 km ^2
- bay of bengal and arabian sea
Situation factors affecting India - give 4?
- many developing countrys nearby
- strained relationship with pakistan
- part of g20 and UN
- lots of ports and airports
Social factors of India - give 3?
- second largest pop - 1.4 bil
- 4th and 5th biggest cities - 21 and 15 mill
- lots of culture - 1500 languages
Political factors of India - give 3?
- largest democracy - 675 mill voted in 2015
- one of the founding members of UN and G20
- contributes second larget num of troops to UN
Enviormental features of India - give 3?
- richest biodiversity - 6% of worlds birds
- third largest polluter of greenhouse gasses
-lots of land/air/water pollution
How does containerisation help economic development?
More container ships allows for more goods to be traded between countries - as 90% of goods traded are moved by ships also investment into ports allows india to easily load ships and can travel to countrys quickly (eg Mumbai has indias largest port)
How does ivestment in aircraft help economic development?
Imports from india by plane are 70 times more valuable than those transported by sea - more airports allow for more tourism as well as for buissness leaders to arrive in Inida to invest in their TNCS
How does better roads help economic development?
Indias road sysetm has doubled to 6 million km in 22 years allows for faster flowing traffic so buissness would be more tempted to invest also goods can easily be transported to ports ext
Indias infrastructure development and the benefits?
- 16.9 km long freeway being built reduces traffic and provide shorter journeys which would attract TNCs as it connects various parts of the city
- investment in internet allows for large tech compaines to set up headquaters
How does pro FDI goverment policys help development?
Indias attracts FDI buy reducing rules and regulations when buying and developing land allowing for companies to come in and built large headquaters without issues also has tax cuts which will be desireable for large buisness’s
How has multilateral and bilateral aid helped India develop?
India has recieved aid which allows for it to develop infrastructure like education and internet also donates a lot of aid - improves relationship with countrys and trade increases
Air pollution in India - human health issues?
- caused by poor bruning rubbish at night for warmth - result of overcrowding and lack of services
- 620,000 die a year from pollution related diseases
Air pollution in India - Climate change issues?
- greenhouse gases released into atmosphere from increased ownership of cars
- increased industrialisation results in more factories - fossil fuels
Water pollution in India - human health issues?
- 80% of surface water polluted from sewage
- causes cholera/dysentary
Air pollution in India - climate change issues?
- local aquatic ecosystems destroyed
- lots of animials dying could cause food shortages if cattle die
Deforestation/desertification in India - human health issues?
- 25% of Indias total land undergoing desertification
- effects farming - causing loss of jobs/food
Deforestation/destertification in India - climate change issues?
- loss of habitats for many animials reulting in the destruction of ecosystems and loss of biodiveristy
- loss of trees causes lack of carbon dioxide being taken in and oxygen being released
What is desertification?
Type of land degradation in which the land dries up and becomes like a desert loosing its bodys of water
Name a core and periphery region in India?
Core - Maharastra
Periphery - Bihar
4 features of maharastra(core) region of India?
- 104,000 rupees per person GDP
- total GDP over 1 trillion rupees
- high skilled workforce
- large port + transport
4 features of Bihar(periphery) region of India?
- recieves little investment
- 27,000 rupees per person GDP
- 86% rural - subsitence farmers
- literacy is only 47%
Define geopolitical?
Politics especially internation relations as influenced by geographical factors - eg india relationship with the UN
define a superpower?
A country or group of countrys that have dominating power and influence anywhere in the world
How has Indias relationship with the West helped it develop?
- good relationship has secured them ballanced and fair trade - trade with EU exported 350 billion and imported 370 billion worth of goods
- coaperation on things like education,science,technologys and climate issues
How had India lending money to developing countrys helped their development?
- India has global investment and influence around the world
- can build good relationships and agree on good trade deals
Significance of Indias position in BRICS?
BRICs have 2/5ths of the world population and 1/4 of worlds GDP - New devlopment bank(NDB) provides recourses and infrastructure projects
Importance of Indias position in the G20?
G20 acounts for 85% of worlds GDP and aims at promoting international discussion and cooperation on a range of policys - India has a voice in upcoming internation challenges
