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BIO-060-110 DLU > Topic 4 (Study Objectives) > Flashcards

Topic 4 (Study Objectives) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three points of Cell Theory?

A

(1)The cell is the basic unit of life (2)All living things are made up of cells (3)New cells arise only from pre-existing cells

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2
Q

Why do cells need to stay small?

A

because they must have a large surface area to volume ratio to function properly.

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3
Q

Prokaryotic cell components

A

cell wall, ribosomes.

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4
Q

Eukaryotic cell components

A

nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, an endomembrane system.

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5
Q

How are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells?

A

prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles and are smaller than eukaryotic cells.

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6
Q

What parts make up the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?

A

nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, cromatin, and nucleolus

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7
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A

surrounds the nucleus.

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8
Q

What is the function of the nuclear pores?

A

they control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA.

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9
Q

What is the the nucleoplasm?

A

The specialized liquid inside the nucleus similar to cytoplasm.

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10
Q

What is the function of the cromatin?

A

(DNA wrapped around proteins) help store hereditary information.

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11
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

contains RNA for ribosome synthesis

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12
Q

What is the basic process of protein synthesis?

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

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13
Q

What are the two processes involved in protein synthesis?

A

transcription and translation

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14
Q

What is transcription in protein synthesis?

A

it is the first part where the genetic instructions in DNA are transferred to mRNA. This happens in the nucleus of a cell, then the mRNA leaves the the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm and eventually a ribosome.

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15
Q

What is translation in protein synthesis?

A

it is the second part where the RNA becomes a protein. The ribosomes decode information on mRNA and translates to a polypeptide chain (protein).

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16
Q

What is the function of rough ER?

A

it has ribosomes attached therefore it makes proteins. (is apart of protein synthesis).

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17
Q

What is the function of smooth ER?

A

it had no ribosomes, it produces carbs, lipids, and steroid hormones and detoxifies drugs, alcohol metabolism, and stores calcium. (not apart of protein synthesis).

18
Q

What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A

it is a large organelle, made of a stack of flattened vesicles (membranes sacs).

19
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

it is where the sorting tagging, packaging and distribution of lipids and proteins takes place after they have been through the rough ER.

20
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

it is basically the cell’s “garbage disposal”. They contain lytic enzymes (digestive enzymes) that dispose of unwanted material. They work best at a slightly acidic pH of 5.

21
Q

What are the two function of peroxisomes?

A

(1) breaks down fatty acids and amino acids into hydrogen peroxide/ H2O2 (2) detoxifies poisons such as alcohol in the liver

22
Q

What is the function of vacuoles?

A

Storage and transport. Encloses food, waste, water, sugars, and pigments.

23
Q

What does the endomembrane system do?

A

works together to modify, package and transport lipids and proteins.

24
Q

What makes up the endomembrane system?

A

the nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, ER, golgi apparatus, and the plasma membrane.

25
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

A

They have their own DNA and RNA and a double membranes (an inner and outer membranes). Inside are folds called cristae and the mitochondrial matrix.

26
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

It is the cell’s “power house” produces ATP from carbohydrates like glucose.

27
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

A

Found in plants and algae; They have their own DNA and RNA. and a double membranes (an inner and outer membranes). Inside are fluid-filled membrane sacs called thylakoids. Each of the stacks of thylakoids are called granum.

28
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Produces energy. photosynthesis; they trap solar energy and convert it to carbohydrates like glucose and oxygen.

29
Q

What similarities does the mitochondria and chloroplasts have?

A

The both are energy producing organelles, They have their own DNA and RNA. and a double membranes (an inner and outer membranes).

30
Q

What is the structure of cytoskeleton?

A

made up of a network of three different protein fibres.

31
Q

Where the three protein fibres in the cytoskeleton?

A

(1)Microfilaments (smallest, change cell shape) (2)Intermediate filaments (maintains cell shape) (3)Microtubules (largest, maintains cell shape, movement of organelles, cell mobility [cilia and flagella])

32
Q

What is the function of cytoskeleton?

A

maintains cell shape

33
Q

What are some example of how cell surface variation affects function?

A

(1)sperm cells have flagellum to move and fertilize an egg. (2)Animal cells have an extra cellular matrix for protection and support. (3)Plant cells have a cell wall that maintains cell shape

34
Q

What is the intercellular junction in plant cells called?

A

plasmodesmata (for communication between cells)

35
Q

What are the intercellular junctions in animal cells called?

A

(1)tight junctions (2)desmosomes (3)gap junctions

36
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

a watertight seal between cells (for leak protection)

37
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

strength, anchoring junctions

38
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

for communication between cells or for transport

39
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells do not have?

A

plasmodesmata, cell wall, large central vacuole, chloroplasts and plastids.

40
Q

What do animal cells have that plant cell do not have?

A

lysosomes and centrosomes.

BIO-060-110 DLU (6 decks)

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