Topic 2 (text book terms)

Question 1

anion

Answer 1

a negative ion formed by gaining electrons

Question 2

atomic number

Answer 2

the number of protons in an atom

Question 3

cation

Answer 3

a positive ion formed by losing electrons

Question 4

chemical bond

Answer 4

an interaction between two or more of the same or different elements that results in the formation of molecules

Question 5

covalent bond

Answer 5

a type of strong bond between two or more of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between elements

Question 6

electron

Answer 6

a negatively charged particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron orbital; lacks functional mass and has a charge of –1

Question 7

electron transfer

Answer 7

the movement of electrons from one element to another

Question 8

element

Answer 8

one of 118 unique substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances and retain the characteristic of that substance; each one of these has a specified number of protons and unique properties

Question 9

hydrogen bond

Answer 9

a weak bond between partially positively charged hydrogen atoms and partially negatively charged elements or molecules

Question 10

ion

Answer 10

an atom or compound that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons, and therefore has a net charge

Question 11

ionic bond

Answer 11

a chemical bond that forms between ions of opposite charges

Question 12

isotope

Answer 12

one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons

Question 13

mass number

Answer 13

the number of protons plus neutrons in an atom

Question 14

matter

Answer 14

anything that has mass and occupies space

Question 15

neutron

Answer 15

a particle with no charge that resides in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of 1

Question 16

nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 16

a type of covalent bond that forms between atoms when electrons are shared equally between atoms, resulting in no regions with partial charges as in polar covalent bonds

Question 17

nucleus

Answer 17

(chemistry) the dense centre of an atom made up of protons and (except in the case of a hydrogen atom) neutrons

Question 18

octet rule

Answer 18

states that the outermost shell of an element with a low atomic number can hold eight electrons

Question 19

periodic table of elements

Answer 19

an organizational chart of elements, indicating the atomic number and mass number of each element; also provides key information about the properties of elements

Question 20

polar covalent bond

Answer 20

a type of covalent bond in which electrons are pulled toward one atom and away from another, resulting in slightly positive and slightly negative charged regions of the molecule

Question 21

proton

Answer 21

a positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of 1 and a charge of +1

Question 22

radioactive isotope

Answer 22

an isotope that spontaneously emits particles or energy to form a more stable element

Question 23

van der Waals interaction

Answer 23

a weak attraction or interaction between molecules caused by slightly positively charged or slightly negatively charged atoms

Question 24

acid

Answer 24

a substance that donates hydrogen ions and therefore lowers pH

Question 25

adhesion

Answer 25

the attraction between water molecules and molecules of a different substance

Question 26

base

Answer 26

a substance that absorbs hydrogen ions and therefore raises pH

Question 27

buffer

Answer 27

a solution that resists a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions

Question 28

cohesion

Answer 28

the intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; creates surface tension

Question 29

evaporation

Answer 29

the release of water molecules from liquid water to form water vapour

Question 30

hydrophilic

Answer 30

describes a substance that dissolves in water; water-loving

Question 31

hydrophobic

Answer 31

describes a substance that does not dissolve in water; water-fearing

Question 32

litmus paper

Answer 32

filter paper that has been treated with a natural water-soluble dye so it can be used as a pH indicator

Question 33

pH scale

Answer 33

a scale ranging from 0 to 14 that measures the approximate concentration of hydrogen ions of a substance

Question 34

solvent

Answer 34

a substance capable of dissolving another substance

Question 35

surface tension

Answer 35

the cohesive force at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating


Question 36

temperature

Answer 36

a measure of molecular motion