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BIO-060-110 DLU > Topic 3 (Study Objectives) > Flashcards

Topic 3 (Study Objectives) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many atoms can carbon bond with?

A

four

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2
Q

What three things to carbon skeletons do?

A

vary in length, they branch, they may form rings.

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3
Q

What are the four functional groups?

A

carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino, and phosphate

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4
Q

what is carboxyl found in?

A

fatty acids, amino acids

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5
Q

What is hydroxyl found in?

A

alcohols, carbohydrates

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6
Q

What is amino found in?

A

amino acids

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7
Q

What is phosphate found in?

A

DNA, ATP

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8
Q

What is the structural formula of carboxyl?

A

(-COOH)

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9
Q

What is the structural formula of hydroxyl?

A

(-OH)

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10
Q

What is the structural formula of amino?

A

(-NH2)

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11
Q

What is the structural formula of phosphate?

A

(-PO4)

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12
Q

What do organic molecules always contain?

A

carbon

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13
Q

What do most organic molecules contain?

A

carbon-hydrogen bonds (C-H bonds)

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14
Q

What do inorganic molecules do not usually contain?

A

carbon and carbon bonded to hydrogen.

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15
Q

What are some examples of inorganic molecules?

A

salt, metals

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16
Q

What does dehydrates mean?

A

loses water

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17
Q

what does hydrolysis mean?

A

water separation

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18
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

When two monomers are combined to form a Polymer. One water molecule is removed for each bond therefore the reaction produces water.

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19
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Water is added to the bond to break a polymer down into smaller units. (H+) and (OH-) are added to separate components.

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20
Q

Carbohydrates monomer

A

monosaccharides

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21
Q

What are monosaccharides function in the body?

A

energy storage and building blocks of more complex sugars.

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22
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides?

A

glucose and fructose

23
Q

What is the formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

24
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

complex carbohydrates. They are long chains on glucose.

25
Q

What are polysaccharides used for energy storage in plants?

A

starch

26
Q

What are polysaccharides used for energy storage in animals?

A

glycogen

27
Q

What are polysaccharides used as structural molecules in plants?

A

cellulous

28
Q

What are polysaccharides used as structural molecules in animals?

A

chitin

29
Q

What make lipids different?

A

they are non polar and hydrophobic

30
Q

What is the general structure of fats and oils?

A

C-H backbone with 3 fatty acid tails with glycerol.

31
Q

What is the function of fats and oils?

A

important in the body for energy storage.

32
Q

What is the general structure of phospholipids?

A

2 fatty acids, phosphate molecule, and glycerol. (hydrophilic tails and hydrophobic heads).

33
Q

What is the function of phospholipids?

A

they are a major component of biological membranes.

34
Q

What is the general structure of steroids?

A

complex ring structures.

35
Q

What is the function of steroids?

A

they are chemical messengers (hormones).

36
Q

Saturated fats structure

A

have no double bonds.

37
Q

Unsaturated fats structure

A

have 2 or more double bonds.

38
Q

Trans fats structure

A

formed by hydrogenating vegetable oils. (Are unhealthy because they raise cholesterol and increase risk of cancer).

39
Q

Functions of Proteins in the body

A

enzymes, hormones (insulin), transport (hemoglobin), protection (antibodies), movement (muscle), structural (hair skin), Toxins, receptors on cells.

40
Q

Protein basic monomer?

A

amino acid

41
Q

Basic structure of an amino acid

A

carbon linked to an amino (H2N), hydrogen (H), carboxyl (COOH), and a unique R group.

42
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

43
Q

Describe the primary protein structure?

A

sequence of a chain of amino acids held together with peptide bonds.

44
Q

Describe the secondary protein structure?

A

hydrogen bonds between amino acids forms beta-pleated sheet and alpha helix

45
Q

Describe the tertiary protein structure?

A

the interaction between amino acids and r-groups from a 3D shape / folding pattern.

46
Q

Describe the quaternary protein structure?

A

2 or more polypeptide chains (or amino acid chains) held together.

47
Q

What are the two functions of nucleic acids in the cell?

A
  1. carry the genetic info of a cell. 2. carry instructions for the functioning of the cell.
48
Q

What are the three basic components of a nucleotide?

A
  1. phosphate group 2. 5 carbon sugar 3. Nitrogenous base
49
Q

What is the basic structure of DNA?

A

double-helical structure. Double stranded polymer of nucleotides.

50
Q

What is the basic structure of RNA?

A

single-stranded polymer of nucleotides

51
Q

What are roles of DNA in the cell?

A

carries the hereditary information of the cell

52
Q

What are roles of RNA in the cell?

A

controls genes in gene regulation

53
Q

What is the basic structure of ATP?

A

ATP is made up of adenine and a ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups.

54
Q

What are roles of ATP in the cell?

A

main carrier of energy used in the cell. plays an important role in metabolism.

BIO-060-110 DLU (6 decks)

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