Topic 3 (Study Objectives) Flashcards
How many atoms can carbon bond with?
four
What three things to carbon skeletons do?
vary in length, they branch, they may form rings.
What are the four functional groups?
carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino, and phosphate
what is carboxyl found in?
fatty acids, amino acids
What is hydroxyl found in?
alcohols, carbohydrates
What is amino found in?
amino acids
What is phosphate found in?
DNA, ATP
What is the structural formula of carboxyl?
(-COOH)
What is the structural formula of hydroxyl?
(-OH)
What is the structural formula of amino?
(-NH2)
What is the structural formula of phosphate?
(-PO4)
What do organic molecules always contain?
carbon
What do most organic molecules contain?
carbon-hydrogen bonds (C-H bonds)
What do inorganic molecules do not usually contain?
carbon and carbon bonded to hydrogen.
What are some examples of inorganic molecules?
salt, metals
What does dehydrates mean?
loses water
what does hydrolysis mean?
water separation
Dehydration synthesis
When two monomers are combined to form a Polymer. One water molecule is removed for each bond therefore the reaction produces water.
Hydrolysis
Water is added to the bond to break a polymer down into smaller units. (H+) and (OH-) are added to separate components.
Carbohydrates monomer
monosaccharides
What are monosaccharides function in the body?
energy storage and building blocks of more complex sugars.
What are examples of monosaccharides?
glucose and fructose
What is the formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
What are polysaccharides?
complex carbohydrates. They are long chains on glucose.
What are polysaccharides used for energy storage in plants?
starch
What are polysaccharides used for energy storage in animals?
glycogen
What are polysaccharides used as structural molecules in plants?
cellulous
What are polysaccharides used as structural molecules in animals?
chitin
What make lipids different?
they are non polar and hydrophobic
What is the general structure of fats and oils?
C-H backbone with 3 fatty acid tails with glycerol.
What is the function of fats and oils?
important in the body for energy storage.
What is the general structure of phospholipids?
2 fatty acids, phosphate molecule, and glycerol. (hydrophilic tails and hydrophobic heads).
What is the function of phospholipids?
they are a major component of biological membranes.
What is the general structure of steroids?
complex ring structures.
What is the function of steroids?
they are chemical messengers (hormones).
Saturated fats structure
have no double bonds.
Unsaturated fats structure
have 2 or more double bonds.
Trans fats structure
formed by hydrogenating vegetable oils. (Are unhealthy because they raise cholesterol and increase risk of cancer).
Functions of Proteins in the body
enzymes, hormones (insulin), transport (hemoglobin), protection (antibodies), movement (muscle), structural (hair skin), Toxins, receptors on cells.
Protein basic monomer?
amino acid
Basic structure of an amino acid
carbon linked to an amino (H2N), hydrogen (H), carboxyl (COOH), and a unique R group.
What are the four levels of protein structure?
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Describe the primary protein structure?
sequence of a chain of amino acids held together with peptide bonds.
Describe the secondary protein structure?
hydrogen bonds between amino acids forms beta-pleated sheet and alpha helix
Describe the tertiary protein structure?
the interaction between amino acids and r-groups from a 3D shape / folding pattern.
Describe the quaternary protein structure?
2 or more polypeptide chains (or amino acid chains) held together.
What are the two functions of nucleic acids in the cell?
- carry the genetic info of a cell. 2. carry instructions for the functioning of the cell.
What are the three basic components of a nucleotide?
- phosphate group 2. 5 carbon sugar 3. Nitrogenous base
What is the basic structure of DNA?
double-helical structure. Double stranded polymer of nucleotides.
What is the basic structure of RNA?
single-stranded polymer of nucleotides
What are roles of DNA in the cell?
carries the hereditary information of the cell
What are roles of RNA in the cell?
controls genes in gene regulation
What is the basic structure of ATP?
ATP is made up of adenine and a ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups.
What are roles of ATP in the cell?
main carrier of energy used in the cell. plays an important role in metabolism.
