Hormones of the human body Flashcards
What does ADH stand for?
Antidiuretic hormone
What does ADH do?
It is stimulated when you are dehydrated. It increases blood osmolarity (by causing the kidneys to release less water, decreasing urine production). More ADH = less urine / Less ADH = more urine. Also this acts to maintain blood pressure.
Where is ADH produced?
hypothalamus
What part of the body secretes ADH in the boodstream?
Posterior pituitary
What does RAAS stand for?
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
What is the stimulus for RAAS?
low blood pressure
Where is renin secreted from and why?
The kidneys sense low blood pressure and secrete renin into the blood
What does renin do?
converts angiotensinogen (a precursor of angiotensin that is produced in the liver) into angiotensin I
How does angiotensin I convert to angiotensin II?
the enzyme ACE (that is from the lungs)
What does angiotensin II do?
constricts blood vessels increasing blood pressure. stimulates the release of ADH; increasing blood pressure. AND stimulated adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone.
Where is aldosterone secreted from?
the adrenal cortex
what does aldosterone do?
Promote reabsorption of Na+ in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct./ helps control the balance of water and salts in the kidney by keeping Na+ in and releasing potassium from the body.
What is the outcome of RAAS?
blood volume and pressure is increased.
What does ANH stand for?
Atrial Natriuretic hormone
What does ANH do?
lowers blood pressure
Where is the sensor for ANH?
The atria in the heart
What is the outcome of ANH?
Blood pressure is decreased
What is included in lipid-derived hormones?
steroid hormones like estrogen and testosterone
What are two examples of steroid hormones?
estrogen and testosterone
Where on the cell is the hormone receptor complex for a lipid-derived hormone?
inside the cell
What 2 are examples of amino acid-derived hormones?
tyrosine and tryptophan
What do the majority of amino acid-derived hormones names end with?
“ine”
What are three examples of peptide hormones?
ADH, insulin, and oxytocin
Where on the cell is the hormone receptor complex for amino acid-derived hormones and peptide hormones?
on the cell surface
What is an example of hormones with antagonistic effects (opposing responses)?
insulin and glucagon
What does HYP stand for?
Hypothalamus
Where does the HYP secrete hormones into?
the posterior pituitary
What does the HYP stimulate to secrete hormones?
the anterior pituitary
What does PP stand for?
posterior pituitary
What are the two hormones of the PP and what do they do?
ADH (water balance) and oxytocin (uterine contractions)
What is an example of a simulating or inhibiting hormone the AP receives from the HYP?
GnRH
What does GnRH stand for?
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
What is a tropic hormone?
Hormones that stimulate the production and secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands
What is a non-tropic hormone?
Hormones that directly stimulate target cells to induce effects
What 5 hormones does the AP release?
GH (tropic and non-tropic), TSH, FSH, LH, and ACTH (tropic)
What does GH stand for?
Growth hormone
What three hormones does the thyroid gland release?
Thyroxine T3 and T4 and calcitonin
What does Thyroxine T3 and T4 do?
controls cellular metabolism
What does calcitonin do?
lowers Ca+ levels in bloodstream
What is Hypothyroidism?
too little thyroxine (metabolic rate decreases)
What is hyperthyroidism?
too much thyroxine (metabolic rate increases)
What hormone does the parathyroid release?
PTH
what does PTH stand for?
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
What does PTH do?
increases Ca+ levels in the blood (opposes calcitonin)
What two hormones are released by the pancreas?
Insulin and glucagon
what does insulin do?
lowers blood glucose (promoting glycogen storage)
what does glucagon do?
increases blood glucose (promoting glycogen hydrolysis)
What controls the adrenal medulla?
the nervous system
What two hormones does the adrenal medulla release?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
what does epinephrine do?
It plays an important role in the body’s “fight-or-flight” response
what does norepinephrine do?
It plays an important role in your body’s “fight-or-flight” response, and is used to increase and maintain blood pressure
What controls the adrenal cortex?
ACTH from the AP
What three hormones does the adrenal cortex release?
glucocoricoids (affects carbohydrate metabolism), aldosterone (salt balance), androgens (muscle mass)
What are the gonads?
ovaries and testes
What controls the gonads?
GNRH (from HYP) and FSH and LH (from AP)
What category of hormones do the gonads release?
steroid hormones
What hormones do the testes release?
androgens (like testosterone)
What hormones do the ovaries release?
estrogen and progesterone
What does LH stand for?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
What does Luteinizing hormone (LH) do for men?
stimulate interstitial cells to produce testosterone
What does LH do for women?
LH induces ovulation and maintains corpus luteum
What does FSH stand for?
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
What does FSH do for men?
promotes sperm production
What does FSH do for women?
stimulates the immature follicle to develop
In women what secretes estrogen?
a mature follicle
what does progesterone do?
maintain the endometrium in the uterus and inhibits the AP and HYP
What does HCG stand for?
Human chorionic gonadotropin
what does HCG do as part of implantation?
maintain the corpus luteum so it can continue to secrete progesterone
what secretes HCG?
the embryo then placenta
