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RD3033 > Topic 4: Radiation exposure > Flashcards

Topic 4: Radiation exposure Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 categories of radiation exposure

A
  • occupational exposure (voluntary)
  • medical exposure
  • public exposure (imposed)
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2
Q

what is the effective dose limit for occupational exposure

A

20mSv/yr for radiation workers

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3
Q

what is the effective dose limit for public exposure

A

1mSv/yr

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4
Q

what is the dose limit for medical exposure

A

dose limits do not apply to medical exposures
- diagnostic reference levels recommended

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5
Q

what are departments expected to do in the case of medical exposure

A

survey their own doses, and investigations should be undertaken in XR if doses exceed their levels

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6
Q

what type of radiation contributes to the public most

A

diagnostic>therapeutic

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7
Q

what are deterministic effects

A

do not occur below a threshold dose
- severity increases above threshold dose

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8
Q

what is stochastic effects

A
  • no threshold dose
  • risk of damage increases as dose increases
  • at low doses biological effects not predictable
  • BUT always some risk
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9
Q

inherited radiation damage

A
  • does not introduce new, unique mutations
  • may increase the incidence of the same mutations that occur spontaneously
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10
Q

the aims of radiation protection

A
  • prevent deterministic effects by keeping doses below threshold
  • reduce the risk of stochastic effects to levels considered acceptable
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11
Q

what is absorbed dose

A

biological effects in any tissue are proportional to amount of energy absorbed per unit mass of tissue

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12
Q

what is equivalent dose (Ht)

A

different relations have different biological effectiveness for same amount of energy absorbed

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13
Q

what is effective dose

A
  • different organs of body are assigned tissue weighting factors (WT)
  • to reflect the different sensitivity of each organ to radiation damage
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14
Q

what is DRL

A

diagnostic reference levels
- established as a benchmark to ensure doses are kept ALARP while achieving adequate imaging quality

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15
Q

how often are DRLs reviewed

A

reviewed at 5-year intervals

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16
Q

NPDD

A

National Patient Dose Database

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17
Q

What are the purpose of national DRLs

A

DRLs are not dose limits but serve as reference points
- they help identify practices with unusually high or low radiation doses prompting review and optimisation

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18
Q

who are responsible for setting local DRLs

A

employers responsible

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19
Q

how often are DRLs reviewed

20
Q

for patient dose surveys, who is the frequency determined by

A

determined by RPS / manager in consultation with RPA (not less than 3 yearly)

21
Q

how many patients used for patient dose surveys

A

at least 10, ideally 20

22
Q

what happens if patient dose survey larger than DRL

A

RPS investigates and initiates corrective action

23
Q

what does IRCP stand for

A

International commission on radiological protection

24
Q

who are the IRCP

A

non-government body expert advisors (200 volunteer scientists)
- make recommendations, either broad or detailed, based on research

25
is the IRCP mandatory
no, but they are influential
26
what is the UK legislation
- ionising radiations regulations 2017 - ionising radiations (medical exposures) regulations 2017
27
the 3 principles of radiation protection
- justification - optimisation - ALARP - dose limitation - to staff and general public
28
where does IRR cover
- hospitals - dental surgeries - power stations - industrial radiography - research
29
the duties of the employer according to IRR
- provide safe working environment for staff and public - themselves, others, patients
30
RPA
radiation protection advisor
31
what is the RPA available for
available for advice or assistance of radiation protection issues - plans for new installations and acceptance into service of new modified radiation sources - classification of workers/ outside workers - PPE - workplace and individual monitoring programmes - QA - arrangements for prevention of accidents and incidents - training and retraining programmes for exposure workers
32
when must RPA be consulted
- radiation risk assessment - designation/ implementation of controlled and supervised areas - investigation and analysis of accidents and incidents - contingency plans - dose assessment - prior examination of new plans - regular calibration of equipment provided for monitoring levels of ionising radiation - testing engineering controls
33
3 restrictions of exposure
- engineering controls and warning devices - systems of work - personnel protective equipment
34
prior risk assessment outcomes
- actions to ensure doses ALARP - designation of areas - local rules - PPE - dose constraints - monitoring - training
35
IRR 2017 information, instruction and training
- all employees must have received appropriate training for use of equipment
36
essential contents to the local rules
- dose investigation level - summary of contingency arrangements - name of RPS - identification and description of area covered and its designation - summary of working instructions
37
RPS
radiation protection supervisors
38
RPS role
role is to ensure that on a day to day basis radiation protection are fulfilled - must be senior and have good knowledge of subject - link with RPA and management
39
IRR designation of classified persons
- designated as a classified worker if you receive in excess 6mSV per year - an employee will not be classified unless they are 18. over - undergone health assessment
40
when did IRMER 2017 come into force
- came into force 6 Feb 2018
41
purpose of IRMER
- to protect the patient - european standard with each country must adhere to - covers duties of employers and employees in ensuring XR equipment, sheilding and standard operating procedures
42
who is the employer
- any natural or legal person in the course of trade, business or other undertaking, carries out - engages others to carry out medical exposures at given radiological installation
43
duties of the employer
- written procedures for medical exposures - written protocols for every type of standard radiological practice for each equipment - referral criteria for medical exposure - QA programmes - clinical audit - staff training - review why reference dose levels are exceeded and take action
44
what are some of the written procedures that must occur before examinations?
- positive ID procedure - procedure for enquiries of females of childbearing age - procedures for giving information and written instructions
45
what is required from the medical physics expert
- certificate of competence - underpinning knowledge - demonstration of practical experience in compliance with IRMER, equipment management and optimisation
46
who must comply with the employers written procedures
practitioner AND operator
47
no person shall carry out a medical exposure unless...
it has been justified by practitioner and authorised by practitioner/ operator

RD3033 (15 decks)

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