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RD3033 > Topic 4: Radiation exposure > Flashcards

Topic 4: Radiation exposure Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 categories of radiation exposure

A
  • occupational exposure (voluntary)
  • medical exposure
  • public exposure (imposed)
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2
Q

what is the effective dose limit for occupational exposure

A

20mSv/yr for radiation workers

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3
Q

what is the effective dose limit for public exposure

A

1mSv/yr

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4
Q

what is the dose limit for medical exposure

A

dose limits do not apply to medical exposures
- diagnostic reference levels recommended

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5
Q

what are departments expected to do in the case of medical exposure

A

survey their own doses, and investigations should be undertaken in XR if doses exceed their levels

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6
Q

what type of radiation contributes to the public most

A

diagnostic>therapeutic

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7
Q

what are deterministic effects

A

do not occur below a threshold dose
- severity increases above threshold dose

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8
Q

what is stochastic effects

A
  • no threshold dose
  • risk of damage increases as dose increases
  • at low doses biological effects not predictable
  • BUT always some risk
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9
Q

inherited radiation damage

A
  • does not introduce new, unique mutations
  • may increase the incidence of the same mutations that occur spontaneously
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10
Q

the aims of radiation protection

A
  • prevent deterministic effects by keeping doses below threshold
  • reduce the risk of stochastic effects to levels considered acceptable
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11
Q

what is absorbed dose

A

biological effects in any tissue are proportional to amount of energy absorbed per unit mass of tissue

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12
Q

what is equivalent dose (Ht)

A

different relations have different biological effectiveness for same amount of energy absorbed

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13
Q

what is effective dose

A
  • different organs of body are assigned tissue weighting factors (WT)
  • to reflect the different sensitivity of each organ to radiation damage
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14
Q

what is DRL

A

diagnostic reference levels
- established as a benchmark to ensure doses are kept ALARP while achieving adequate imaging quality

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15
Q

how often are DRLs reviewed

A

reviewed at 5-year intervals

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16
Q

NPDD

A

National Patient Dose Database

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17
Q

What are the purpose of national DRLs

A

DRLs are not dose limits but serve as reference points
- they help identify practices with unusually high or low radiation doses prompting review and optimisation

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18
Q

who are responsible for setting local DRLs

A

employers responsible

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19
Q

how often are DRLs reviewed

A

annually

20
Q

for patient dose surveys, who is the frequency determined by

A

determined by RPS / manager in consultation with RPA (not less than 3 yearly)

21
Q

how many patients used for patient dose surveys

A

at least 10, ideally 20

22
Q

what happens if patient dose survey larger than DRL

A

RPS investigates and initiates corrective action

23
Q

what does IRCP stand for

A

International commission on radiological protection

24
Q

who are the IRCP

A

non-government body expert advisors (200 volunteer scientists)
- make recommendations, either broad or detailed, based on research

25
Q

is the IRCP mandatory

A

no, but they are influential

26
Q

what is the UK legislation

A
  • ionising radiations regulations 2017
  • ionising radiations (medical exposures) regulations 2017
27
Q

the 3 principles of radiation protection

A
  • justification
  • optimisation - ALARP
  • dose limitation - to staff and general public
28
Q

where does IRR cover

A
  • hospitals
  • dental surgeries
  • power stations
  • industrial radiography
  • research
29
Q

the duties of the employer according to IRR

A
  • provide safe working environment for staff and public
  • themselves, others, patients
30
Q

RPA

A

radiation protection advisor

31
Q

what is the RPA available for

A

available for advice or assistance of radiation protection issues
- plans for new installations and acceptance into service of new modified radiation sources
- classification of workers/ outside workers
- PPE
- workplace and individual monitoring programmes
- QA
- arrangements for prevention of accidents and incidents
- training and retraining programmes for exposure workers

32
Q

when must RPA be consulted

A
  • radiation risk assessment
  • designation/ implementation of controlled and supervised areas
  • investigation and analysis of accidents and incidents
  • contingency plans
  • dose assessment
  • prior examination of new plans
  • regular calibration of equipment provided for monitoring levels of ionising radiation
  • testing engineering controls
33
Q

3 restrictions of exposure

A
  • engineering controls and warning devices
  • systems of work
  • personnel protective equipment
34
Q

prior risk assessment outcomes

A
  • actions to ensure doses ALARP
  • designation of areas
  • local rules
  • PPE
  • dose constraints
  • monitoring
  • training
35
Q

IRR 2017 information, instruction and training

A
  • all employees must have received appropriate training for use of equipment
36
Q

essential contents to the local rules

A
  • dose investigation level
  • summary of contingency arrangements
  • name of RPS
  • identification and description of area covered and its designation
  • summary of working instructions
37
Q

RPS

A

radiation protection supervisors

38
Q

RPS role

A

role is to ensure that on a day to day basis radiation protection are fulfilled
- must be senior and have good knowledge of subject
- link with RPA and management

39
Q

IRR designation of classified persons

A
  • designated as a classified worker if you receive in excess 6mSV per year
  • an employee will not be classified unless they are 18. over - undergone health assessment
40
Q

when did IRMER 2017 come into force

A
  • came into force 6 Feb 2018
41
Q

purpose of IRMER

A
  • to protect the patient
  • european standard with each country must adhere to
  • covers duties of employers and employees in ensuring XR equipment, sheilding and standard operating procedures
42
Q

who is the employer

A
  • any natural or legal person in the course of trade, business or other undertaking, carries out - engages others to carry out medical exposures at given radiological installation
43
Q

duties of the employer

A
  • written procedures for medical exposures
  • written protocols for every type of standard radiological practice for each equipment
  • referral criteria for medical exposure
  • QA programmes
  • clinical audit
  • staff training
  • review why reference dose levels are exceeded and take action
44
Q

what are some of the written procedures that must occur before examinations?

A
  • positive ID procedure
  • procedure for enquiries of females of childbearing age
  • procedures for giving information and written instructions
45
Q

what is required from the medical physics expert

A
  • certificate of competence
  • underpinning knowledge
  • demonstration of practical experience in compliance with IRMER, equipment management and optimisation
46
Q

who must comply with the employers written procedures

A

practitioner AND operator

47
Q

no person shall carry out a medical exposure unless…

A

it has been justified by practitioner and authorised by practitioner/ operator

RD3033 (15 decks)

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