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Epidemiology - MIDTERM 1 > Topic 4 - Prevention and control of infectious diseases. > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Prevention and control of infectious diseases. Flashcards

1
Q

What is the aim of preventing or controlling an infectious disease?

A

To prevent introduction of the disease, and to prevent spread.

If the disease is introduced, the aims is to localize and eliminate the epidemy.

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2
Q

Which methods are used in prevention and control of infectious diseases?

A
  1. Veterinary administration methods
  2. Immune prophylaxis
  3. Chemo prophylaxis
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3
Q

What is meant by “veterinary administration methods”?

A

there are administration rules, general epidemiological rules and specific measures which are variable for each disease.

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4
Q

Name “veterinary administration rules”:

A
  1. We have notifiable disease
  2. rules for international transport
  3. Import restrictions
  4. Identification of animals
  5. Certificates
  6. Traceability of the animal
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5
Q

Name the general epidemiology rules:

VERY IMPORTANT FOR THE EXAM

A
  1. All-in-all out, WITH disinfection
  2. Isolated keeping of different animal species and age groups
  3. Closed keeping, limited traffic (personal, vehicles)
  4. Introduction of animals: diagnostic tests, quarantine
  5. Isolation from wild living animals, rodents, birds
  6. Rendering dead animals, waste
  7. Rules of hatching, transport of day-old chicken
  8. Excluding carrier people
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6
Q

Name some specific epidemiologic measures:

A

This is specific for each disease, we have two different method:

  1. Great economic impact
  2. Smaller economic impact
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7
Q

Specific epidemiological measures for diseases of GREAT economic impact:

A
  1. Strict rules
  2. Closed herd
  3. protection zone
  4. observation zone
  5. stamping out
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8
Q

Specific epidemiological measures for diseases of SMALLER economic impact:

A
  1. Movement restriction
  2. Closed herd
  3. Diagnostic examination
  4. Treatment + vaccination
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9
Q

What is immune prophylaxis?

A

We have two types:

  1. Passive immunisation
  2. Active immunisation
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10
Q

What is passive immunisation under immune prophylaxis treatment?

A

We have:
1. Hyperimmune serum
2. Maternal immunity

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11
Q

What is hyperimmune serum of passive immunisation under immune prophylaxis treatment?

A

the animal is given a high level of antibodies through a vaccine.

Homologous half-life = 2-3 weeks

Heterologous half-life = 7-10 days

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12
Q

What is maternal immunity of passive immunisation under immune prophylaxis treatment?

A

It is a passive immunity. Depending on the type of placenta, the significant of the colostrum is varying. Also the colostrum quantity and quality changes over time

good colostrum immunity = the mother is vaccinated

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13
Q

Significance of colostrum with Epitheliochorial:

A

colostrum

horses, pigs

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14
Q

Significance of colostrum with Syndesmochorial:

A

mainly colostrum

ruminant ungulates

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15
Q

Significance of colostrum with Endotheliochorial:

A

diaplacental + colostrum

cat and dog

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16
Q

The number of maternal antibodies depends on?

A
  1. The antigen
  2. Nutrition of the dam
  3. General state of the dam
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17
Q

Why is it important to measure the colostrum level before vaccinating?

A

If the animal have high colostrum immunity level, the vaccination efficiency can be decreased, because the antibodies bind the antigens of the vaccine

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18
Q

What is active immunisation?

A

Immunisation provided by the veterinarian, such as the vaccine

19
Q

Factors influencing the efficacy of the active immunisation:

A
  1. the agent
  2. Vaccine type
  3. Amount of antigen
  4. Method of vaccination
  5. age of animal
  6. health of animal
20
Q

Different types of vaccine, name them and the subunits of them.

A
  1. Live vaccines
    a. Avirulent
    b. Attenuated - natural and artificially
  2. Inactivated vaccines
  3. Polyvalent vaccines
21
Q

What helps the efficiency of the vaccine?

A

the adjuvant, they have a longer antigen release

22
Q

What is a live vaccine?

A

Fast effect and more effective, they induce a faster immune reaction

23
Q

What is an AVIRULENT live vaccine?

A

there are no pathogenic opportunity, they can be used in vaccines

24
Q

What is an ATTENUATED live vaccine?

A

virulent, but after passaging they can be attenuated artificially

25
Q

What is inactivated vaccine?

A

They contain viruses whose genetic material has been destroyed by heat, chemicals or radiation so they cannot infect cells and replicate, but can still trigger an immune response

26
Q

What types can the inactivated vaccine be?

A
  1. Complete agent
  2. Partial antigen extract
  3. Subunit
  4. Toxoid = inactivated toxin
27
Q

What is a polyvalent vaccine?

A

more than one agent is present in the vaccine

28
Q

What does the DIVA principle stand for?

A

DIVA = Differentiation Infected and Vaccinated Animals. Also called marker vaccine

29
Q

What is the DIVA principle?

A

= induce an immune response which is different from that induced by natural infection.

Difference between the field and the vaccine strains

30
Q

Name different marker vaccines:

A
  1. Deletion markers
  2. Subunit markers
  3. Non-structural marker
31
Q

What is a deletion marker vaccine?

A

Gene-deletion-lack of certain non-important protein

32
Q

What is a subunit marker vaccine?

A

Vector-produced, different structure

33
Q

What is a non-structural marker vaccine?

A

Viral enzymes, no-replication, no immune answer

34
Q

What is Chemo prophylaxis?

A

refers to the administration of a medication for the
purpose of preventing disease or infection. Antibiotics, for example, may be administered to patients with disorders of immune system function to prevent bacterial infections.

35
Q

Which methods are used for control and eradication of an infectious disease?

A
  1. Selection
  2. Generation shift
  3. Herd replacement
  4. SPF method
  5. Embryo transfer
  6. Eradication with antibodies
  7. Eradication of infectious disease of animals
36
Q

What is selection as a control and eradication method?

A

In small herds we can select the animals, selection test and removal of the infected animal and we have a high chance of removing the disease. To test we a useful tool, the DIVA marker vaccine

37
Q

What is generation shift as a control and eradication method?

A

Generation shift is a method where we isolate the keeping of new-born animals, and then we replace the infected parent stock with the new-born when they are old enough. In optimal conditions we will then have a new herd without the disease.

38
Q

What is herd replacement as a control and eradication method?

A

This is a VERY expensive method, we eliminate the herd, disinfect the area and buy new livestock.

39
Q

What is SPF method as a control and eradication method?

A

SPF = Specific Pathogen Free

It is a health state, there is a risk of pathogens – that is why it is specific.

40
Q

What is embryo transfer as a control and eradication method?

A

Embryo transfer can be used, but with the restriction that deep frozen embryos can harbour infections as well. In some diseases this will work

41
Q

What is eradication with antibodies as a control and eradication method?

A

Is not preferred, because of the resistance issues. In case of leptospirosis it can work

42
Q

How was Rinderpest eradicated?

A

Rinderpest was the only disease with sterile immunity, so if the animals was vaccinated the immunity would cause sterility so the virus couldn’t cause infection anymore – this is why it was possible to eradicate the disease

43
Q
A

Epidemiology - MIDTERM 1 (22 decks)

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