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Epidemiology - MIDTERM 1 > Topic 2 - Pathogenesis, course, epidemiology of infectious diseases, factors influencing the spread of infectious diseases. > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Pathogenesis, course, epidemiology of infectious diseases, factors influencing the spread of infectious diseases. Flashcards

1
Q

What is the course of an infectious disease? In the right order.

A
  1. Infection
  2. Incubation time
  3. Seroconversion time
  4. Course of infection in time
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2
Q

How many types of infection do we have?

A
  2. Local infection
  3. Infection of organs
  4. Generalised infection
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3
Q

What is a local infection?

A

Lesions at the sight of entry

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4
Q

Give example of local infection disease:

A

Tetanus
Papillomatosis

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5
Q

What is infections of different organs?

A

Lesions in one organ only. Require entry, and reaching of the targeted organ and inducing lesions on the given organ.

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6
Q

Give example of infections of different organs disease:

A

Rabies

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7
Q

What is generalised infection?

A

Causing lesions in multiple organs

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8
Q

Give example of a generalised infection disease:

A

African Swine fever
Anthrax

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9
Q

What is generalisation of a disease?

A

Spreading within the body, spreading to the blood, lymphatic vessels, perineural

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10
Q

Name 3 possible outcomes of generalisation of a disease:

A
  1. Viraemia
  2. Septicaemia
  3. Bacteraemia
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11
Q

What is viraemia ?

A

Spread of the virus in the body

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12
Q

What is Septicaemia?

A

Spread of the bacteria in a larger extent, causing symptoms

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13
Q

What is Bacteraemia?

A

Spread of the bacteria in a smaller extent

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14
Q

If an animal is pregnant when infected, what are the agents called?

A

foetopathogenic agents

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15
Q

If an animal is pregnant when infected, what can happen to the foetus?

A
  1. Embryonic death ->resorption or abortion
  2. Teratogenic = malformations
  3. Decreased resistance = making the animal sick, quickly
  4. Tolerated infection = Infection happens before the immune system is mature enough to recognise the foreign antibodies.
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16
Q

If an infection is chronic, which type of sprad do we have?

A

Intracanalicular spread

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17
Q

What is the final outcome of an infection?

A

Either recovery or death

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18
Q

What is incubation time?

A

The time period between infection and the appearance of clinical signs

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19
Q

How long can incubation time be?

A

a few hours - months

Depending on the disease/pathogen

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20
Q

What is seroconversion time?

A

the time between infection and the immune reaction.

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21
Q

Name the different types of immunity:

A

Innate
Specific

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22
Q

What is the innate immunity?

A

First line of defense in the body. It is not specific, so it will respond the same way to all pathogens.

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23
Q

What is specific immunity?

A

Takes longer time.
We have formation of specific antibodies and specific cellular immunity

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24
Q

What is meant by “course of an infection in time”?

A

If it is acute, subacute, chornic or per acute infection

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25
What is per acute infection?
sudden death of the animal without any symptoms or any pathological lesions.
26
What is an acute infection?
We can see symptoms and pathological lesions but the outcome is very short – within hours to days. The process is very rapid
27
What is a chronic infection?
It is timewise very long and we can see other symptoms than in the case of acute infections
28
What is a subacute infection?
An infection in-between acute and chronic - some weeks
29
What is it called when the animals show no symptoms, and why is it dangerous?
Asymptomatic infection. They can still maintain the chain of infection
30
What is a latent infection?
Virus genome is integrated into the nervous system, and disappears. Very good for the virus, because the immune system cannot find it and if there is sign of stress in the animals, the virus can reappear and cause damage. Human or animal herpes virus is an example.
31
What is epidemiology?
collection of data using statistical methods, listing the susceptible species, having a look at the distribution of the vectors
32
Name the 3 characteristics of infectious disease:
1. Epidemic diseases 2. Contagious diseases 3. Dead end hosts
33
What is epidemic diseases?
Spreading of the disease in a larger animal population
34
What is contagious diseases?
Fast spreading disease, from animal to animal Example: foot and mouth disease
35
What is dead end hosts?
There is no further spread to other species. Example: West Nile virus It spreads from bird to mosquitos, mosquitos to humans, humans to horses and the horses don’t spread it further. The horse is the “dead end host”.
36
What are the steps of epidemiology?
1. Statistical evaluation of infectious diseases 2. Analysing methods of infectious diseases 3. Extension of infectious diseases
37
What is statistical evaluation?
1. Morbidity 2. Mortality 3. Lethality 4. Incidence 5. Prevalence
38
What is morbidity?
Infected animals per heard in %
39
What is mortality?
Dead animals per heard in %
40
What is lethality?
Dead animal per infected in %
41
What is incidence?
Infected per whole population per year in %
42
What is prevalence?
Existing infected cases per whole population in %
43
Which analysing method do we use?
1. Monitoring 2. Screening 3. Surveillance
44
What is monitoring?
It is a routine collection of data of a disease
45
What is screening?
It is a targeted action, targeted testing of animals of a certain disease. Differentiation of healthy and not healthy animals
46
What is surveillance?
A strategic approach. Recording and analysis of the data, tracing, preventive measures, laboratory work and feedback to the owner
47
Which extension of infectious disease do we have?
1. Sporadic diseases 2. Endemic diseases 3. Epidemic disease 4. Pandemic diseases
48
What is sporadic diseases?
Less frequent, smaller extent and no big spread.
49
What is endemic diseases?
Endemic diseases are in smaller, limited area such as a region, country, part of the country. Can also be referred to as one flock or a few herds
50
Another name for endemic diseases:
Enzootia
51
What is epidemic disease?
A larger extent, spreading the disease over a larger area.
52
Another name for epidemic disease:
Epizootia
53
What is pandemic disease?
A disease spread over a continent or global.
54
Another name for pandemic disease:
Panzootia
55
Name the factors influencing the sprad of infectious dieases:
1. Susceptible host 2. Reservoir host 3. Geographical factors 4. Climatic factors 5. Management 6. Nutrition
56
what is ment by susceptible host as an influencing factor?
Number of the host that are susceptible to the disease, number of the maintaining animals in case of Islamic region – no spread of swine disease. Animal life cycle such as mating, leaving of the offspring
57
what is ment by reservoir host as an influencing factor?
Wild animals and vectors, it is in connection with geographical factors
58
what is ment by geographical factors as an influencing factor?
We have islands, deserts, mountains and rivers. Transport can also have an environmental factor, such as roads, rails and harbour
59
what is ment by climatic factors as an influencing factor?
UV-light helps the elimination of the pathogens, temperature can be favourable or non-favourable to the spread, wind and humidity and the seasonal behaviours of vectors count in this aspect.
60
what is ment by management as an influencing factor?
One of the most important factors. Indoors temperature problem can appear: lack of oxygen, humidity, ammonium, carbon dioxide, overcrowding and mixing of the animals – primarily of different age groups (young susceptible animals, together with older treated animals)
61
what is ment by nutrition as an influencing factor?
Nutritional factors are important, quality of pasture and also toxicity counts
62

Epidemiology - MIDTERM 1 (22 decks)

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