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A Level Geography > Topic 4 EQ1 > Flashcards

Topic 4 EQ1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary sector?

A

Raw materials

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2
Q

What is the secondary sector?

A

Manufacturing

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3
Q

What is the tertiary sector?

A

Services

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4
Q

What is the quaternary /Quinary?

A

Tech /consultancy

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5
Q

What are footloose industries?

A

Unrestricted in location eg working from home

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6
Q

Full time employment

A

35 hours a week

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7
Q

Part time employment

A

Less than 35 hours a week

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8
Q

What is temporary employment ?

A

Contractual /seasonal

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9
Q

What is permanent employment ?

A

Contracted to 35 hours a week

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10
Q

What is self employment?

A

Independent pursuit

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11
Q

How can unemployment affect health?

A
  • stress, anxiety, depression etc
  • substance abuse eg alcohol
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12
Q

How can unemployment affect education?

A
  • growing in poverty means that children are more likely to dropout of school.
  • in Camden, one of North London most deprived wards, 34% of children live in poverty compared to 21% nationally. 7% of young people were not employed ,education or training (NEETs)
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13
Q

How can employment affect life expectancy?

A
  • pre mature deaths - 43% of deaths are premature in deprived areas
  • health problems as a result of deprivation:
    Cardiovascular conditions
    Lung cancer
    Chronic cirhosis of the liver
    Respiratory diseases
    Suicide
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14
Q

Where does the poorest health occur in the UK?

A

South Wales, North West England and Western England as they are post-industrial.

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15
Q

Where is the healthiest area in the UK ?

A

Richmond, South West London

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16
Q

Inequality of pay across the economic sectors

A

Primary and low level service jobs least well paid
High level Tertiary and tech highest paid

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17
Q

2014 annual survey of hours and earnings

A

Showed that the fastest growing rate of pay was for senior managers and directors (insurance brokers - 17%) while pay growth was negative for low level service jobs /primary . Waiters pay decreased by 11%

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18
Q

What is the function , shape, land use patterns and surroundings determined by?

A

Population demographic

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19
Q

What happened as a result of mechanisation in the mid 1800s?

A

The need for manual labourers in fields decreased which meant the workers were used as cheap labour in factories which meant that many cities functioned as industrial heartlands

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20
Q

Why did administrative functions become dominant in a place?

A

The emerging middle class needed ways to organise their daily life so key admin functions such as banking, courts, corn exchanges

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21
Q

How did commercial functions rise?

A

Due to the growth of the administrative functions, firms needed regional headquarters to manage the services

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22
Q

Why do industrial industries decline?

A

Globalisation and functions being outsourced from all over the world and unemployment

23
Q

Demographic changes

A

Migrants arrived from the Caribbean, West Africa and India after the Second World War and clustered together in major cities

24
Q

Where did the Jamaicans settle?

A

Arrived on the windrush and settled in Brixton

25
Q

Where did the Indian workers settle?

A

Settled around Neasden and Southall

26
Q

Where did the Pakistani communities settle?

A

Industrial heartlands of Bradford, Huddersfield and Birmingham.

27
Q

What happened in the UK as a result of racism and prejudice?

A

Areas associated with ethnic minorities saw property prices decline

28
Q

What happened as a result of the low property prices in areas with ethnic minorities?

A

They transformed into bohemian hotspots of music and art . Eg: Whitechapel, Dalston and Brixton ; attracted young graduates who are reshaping and rebranding into cultural villages

29
Q

What is gentrification?

A

An influx in wealth in an area

30
Q

Physical factors affecting an area

A
  • Dynamic changing landscapes present management challenges
  • sea level of rise and rapid coastal erosion Eg Happisburgh in Norfolk, 250 m of land has been lost in 250 years
31
Q

How climate change is affecting an area ?

A

Concerns about climate change is starting shape policy, architecture and land-use decisions. Eg - more land is being used for solar farms

32
Q

How accessibility and connectedness have changed areas?

A
  • Former major railway towns like Crewe and Nuneaton have seen decline since the development of motorways in the 1960s.
  • Growth of regional airports (East midlands)
  • 2/3 of people have access to fibre optic broadband as Government provided £530 million
33
Q

How historical development has helped change places?

A
  • Some places and their current layout and characteristics still reflect their history. Eg: Totnes - deliberately introduced transition town projects to protect its history. The town grew as a bridging point . The establishment of the Totnes Pound has helped businesses thrive.
34
Q

How local and national planning can change places?

A
  • national infrastructure plan
  • Bicester as a garden city - 13,000 new homes and a new railway station.
35
Q

4 main foci that Geographers use to measure change

A
  • land use change
  • employment trends
  • Demographic changes
  • levels of deprivation
36
Q

Examples of quantitative indicators

A
  • land use maps
  • census data
37
Q

Examples of qualitative indicators

A
  • surveys
  • anecdotal oral histories
38
Q

What is the index of multiple deprivation?

A
  • measures deprivation using social, economic , environmental factors attempting to quantify deprivation
  • used by Government and especially by local authorities to target regeneration aid.
39
Q

What are the findings from the September 2015 IMD?

A
  • there are pockets of deprivation within less deprived places
  • deprivation is still concentrated in large urban conurbation. Areas that have historically had heavy industry such as, East London and Middlesbrough
  • Hackney, Tower hamlets and Newham have become less deprived
40
Q

Regional influences on Kingston

A
  • bus station (10,000 passengers everyday)
  • train station
  • Development of housing
  • plenty of services and leisure activities
41
Q

National influences on Kingston

A
  • Local election, Lib Dems since 2017 - Ed Davey
  • campaigned to “stop Tory plans for over-development”
42
Q

What is the North - South divide?

A
  • Towns in the South have grown more than in the North. Particularly areas designated for growth such as Swindon.
  • cities that have shrunk are all in the North due to post industrial decline and globalisation.
  • Government 2015 plan to create a Northern power house
43
Q

International influences on Kingston

A
  • University students
  • migrants starting business such as shops and restaurants
  • Oldenburg in Germany
44
Q

Global influences on Kingston

A
  • high broadband speed leads too
  • Global shops outcompete local shops Eg Nike and McDonalds
45
Q

Regional influences on Hackney

A
  • 4 London Overground tube stations, greater commuter access. Facilitates businesses starting in the areas.
  • nearest National rail station is Liverpool Street which has 6 different tube lines and 4 national rail services. Reachable within 20 minutes.
46
Q

National influences on Hackney

A
  • Hackney is a labour stronghold in power. Influence where the spending goes with labour policies focusing on social development.
  • most fashionable post codes in the capital
  • economic deregulation led to new growth of industries because of Canary Wharf and Stratford
47
Q

International influences on Hackney

A
  • 2016 £1bn EU investment to build thousands of affordable homes in London including Hackney.
  • Twinned with Soweto in South Africa to show support for the anti-apartheid movement
  • large Jewish Community
  • culturally diverse
48
Q

Global influences on Hackney

A
  • International connections with other places globally are facilitated by high broadband speeds. Large number of tech firms investing in the area.
  • many global stores developed along the Hackney walk. Eg - Nike and Burberry. Artistic reputation so fashion brands have HQ there Eg Anya Hindmarch
49
Q

Impact of the British Empire on the population

A

Very diverse. Most Londoners belong to an Ethnic minority

50
Q

What are the Ascension 8?

A

Countries in Eastern Europe that joined the EU in 2004

51
Q

What percentage of Boston, Lincolnshires population is from an ascension 8 country?

A

10%

52
Q

Impact of more migrants

A

Puts pressure on employment and school places which affects attitudes towards diversity as people blame their unemployment on increased competition from migration. As a result, some migrants have suffered prejudiced attacks.

53
Q

How have towns benefitted from increased migration

A

Instead of an ageing population with declining skill, they now have a younger population with greater aspirations. As migrants become settled, some become entrepreneurs.

54
Q

What are the impacts on identity from immigration

A

Super diversity and cultural places. Southall is characterised by it’s Somalian and Indian communities.

A Level Geography (17 decks)

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