EQ 1- Human Development Flashcards
Most common way of measuring development at a national level
GDP and GNI
Other aspects of improving development other than economic progress
- improve people’s well-being
- quality of life
- contentment
Indicators used for human development
- Life expectancy
- infant and maternal mortality
- literacy
- healthcare
What is the Happy Planet Index?
Global measure of sustainable wellbeing
What is HPI formula?
Experienced well-being X Life expectancy/ecological footprint
Pattern of happy planet index
Countries recording the highest values are not ranked as top rank developed countries. But those with lowest values do rank among the least developed .
Costa Rica Happy planet index value from next economics foundation
64
Botswana HPI from new economics foundation
22.6
Why does the HPI rank give rise to a different ranking of countries than GDP?
Only measure that takes into account environmental sustainability
Limitations of the HPI
- well being and ecological footprint are based highly on aggregated data
- only life expectancy can be considered fairly reliable
Why are there fundamental differences of the perception of what human development is?
Differences in the beliefs, values, morals and codes of conducts of the worlds s
What is Sharia Law?
Law of Islam
Example of the brutality of sharia law legal system?
- a man can beat his wife for insubordination
- theft is punishable by the amputation of the right hand
Who is Evo Morales ?
Bolivia’s first indigenous president
What is morales known for?
Anti imperialist and anti colonialist. His popularity is based on the exploitation of Bolivias natural gas and mineral resources and sharing the wealth among the people. As a result, half a million Bolivians have been lifted out of poverty
Limitations to Morales development model
- Bolivias still one of poorest countries in Latin America - quarter still live on less than $2 a day
- socialist model sharing wealth derived from natural resources - not equal distribution
- little to say about human aspects of development such as education
What is the prevailing view that development should focus on?
- health
- life expectancy
- human rights
How are advancements in health, life expectancy and human rights delivered ?
Economic growth - frequently involves exploitation of natural resources which has adverse impacts on the environment, environmental objectives are not always cited as development objectives as a result.
Why is education vital if a country wants to move along the development pathway?
Education promises a better job and higher wages and this leads to material benefits that raise the quality of life.
What other things does education provide a key to enhancing the quality of life?
- knowing and asserting human rights
- informed about personal hygiene, diet and health
Obstacles to education
- ethnicity
- gender
- social class
- physical and mental disability
Example of gender discrimination in education
Malala Yousafzai was targeted by taliban because she wanted to be educated
What are the three main factors taken into account for HDI
- life expectancy
- education
- economic growth
Why is HDI useful?
- relies on statistical data collected frequently and widely at a national level
- can be used to measure development over years or period of years
What is the common gender difference in life expectancy?
Female life expectancy is often greater
Men vs Female life expectancy in UK
78.4 for men and 82.8 for women
Why may men live longer in less developed countries?
Maternal mortality rates
Botswana:
- 56 males
- 52.3 female
Two main measures of health
- the number of doctors per 100,000 people
- % of population with regular access to essential drugs
Global subdivision of the % of the population with regular access to drugs
- 95% in developed countries
- 50-95% in emerging countries
- less than 50% in developing countries
Why is there often a positive correlation between life expectancy and per capita income ?
With diminishing income, critical necessities of life become less guaranteed:
- food
- safe water
- proper sanitation
- health care
What is deprivation?
Individual well being and quality of life below a level regarded as a reasonable minmum
Why does life expectancy vary in the developed world
Symptoms of poverty create health risks which increase the death rate and lower the life expectancy.
Societies in the developed world are typically polarised showing extreme poverty and wealth.
Why do developed countries lifestyles affect life expectancy?
Lifestyles of the better off carry health risks such as obesity, smoking, alcoholism and heart disease
Why is healthcare a significant factor determining life expectancy?
When Healthcare is free , it is more accessible for the poor.
Variations in spending effect quality and effectiveness
What causes spatial variations in life expectancy within countries?
- ethnicity
- poverty and deprivation
-Lifestyle and social economic group - Healthcare
Government can have an impact on all factors above
Why are the life expectancies between England, Wales and Scotland different?
Differences in lifestyle and general level of affluence
England vs Scotland life expectancy
2011 ONS
England: 77.7 M and 81.9 F
Scotland: 75 M and 79.9 F
Is there variations between counties?
Yes
Healthy life expectancy in Richmond of 70.3 but in Manchester it is 55
2009-11
Variation in life expectancy between occupations
Male - 2011
Professional : 80 years
Unskilled: 72.7
Why are there variations in life expectancy occupational groups?
Differences in lifestyle and housing conditions
Attitude towards health and diet
Safety at work
Life expectancy may vary between ethnic groups?
Inherited genes and discrimination leading to poverty
What type of government is the UK?
Constitutional monarchy
What was UK total expenditure on education and health in 2014?
Percent of GDP
5.5% education
9.1% health
What type of government is Cuba?
Socialist republic
What was Cubas expenditure on health and education in 2014
Percent of GDP
13.6% ed
8.8% health
What type of govt has Egypt got
Totalitarian
What was Egypt expenditure on education and health in 2014
3.8% ed
5.1% health
What are the two continua determining different governments?
Left to right wing
Democratic to authoritarian
What is a totalitarian regime ?
System of government that is centralised and dictatorial
Why do socialists have high expenditure in education?
Commitment that all children should have equal access to education
Why do totalitarian governments have low expenditure on education
Reluctant to see society become well informed
What are democratically elected government more likely to spend more on ?
The welfare of their people
Who are the major IGOs promoting global development?
World Bank
World trade organisation
International Monetary Fund
United nations educational,scientific and cultural organisation
Organisations for economic cooperation and development
What is the mission of the world bank?
- facilitator of post war reconstruction and development
- committed to the alleviation of poverty and supporting develop
Mission of the WTO
Only global organisation dealing with the rules of trade between nations.
Goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters and imported to conduct their business
What is the mission of the IMF?
Aims to foster monetary co-operation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty around the word .
Mission of UNESCO
Contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science and culture to further universal respect for justice , law and human rights
What is the mission of the OECD?
Promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world . Provides a forum for governments to work together to share experiences and seek solutions to common problems
What are the UN millennium development goals ?
Set of targets agreed in 2000 in a series of international conferences and summits meetings of the world leaders.
What is the aim of millennium development goal!
Fight poverty and combat a range of issues hampering human development?
What is the 1st millennium development goal ?
Eradicate extreme poverty
What is the 2nd millennium development goal?
Achieve universal primary education
What is the 3rd millennium development goal ?
Promote gender equality and empower women
What is the 4th millennium development goal?
Reduce child mortality
What is the 5th millennium development goal?
Improve maternal health
What is the 6th millennium development goal?
Combat HIV/Aids, malaria and other diseases
What is the 7th millennium development goal?
Ensure environmental sustainability
What is the 8th millennium development goal?
Develop a global partnership for development
Indicators of progress in MDGs
Extreme poverty rate(percent of population):
- 1990 - 47%
- 2014-14%
Primary school enrolment (%of children)
- 1990 - 75%
- 2015 - 91%
What are the sustainable development goals?
17 goals to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice , and tackle climate change by 2030
Why are SDGs better than MDGs?
Address the root causes of poverty and the need for a universal style of development that works for all people.
What are the three strategic focus areas of UN development programme that the SDGs are connected to?
Sustainable development
Democratic governance and peace building
Climate and disaster resilience
