Topic 4 EQ 2 Flashcards
What makes a region successful?
High employment
Inward migration
Low levels of deprivation
Why is Berkshire a successful region?
- Home to major ICT companies such as Microsoft. Slough trading estate, UKs largest trading estate, HQ of O2
- population growth in west berkshire of 6.4 % and slough increase of 16.3%. Fastest growing town in SE England
Drawbacks of success
High property prices
Skills shortage
Drawbacks of success in Berkshire
- 40-50% rise in property prices in the 10 years from 2005
- properties in excess of £2 million
- The Lambourn and Aldermaston villages can’t afford cost of energy and cars but the population is too small to justify a bus service
What is the Rust belt?
Deindustrialisation led to rapid unemployment and a spiral of decline.
Reasons for the decline of the rust belt in USA
- Overseas companies producing cheaper coal and steel
- mechanisation
- lower wage costs in south Eastern USA led to relocation of steel and car
How did Deindustrialisation impact Beattyville?
1/3 of teenagers left high school without graduating
68.3 years male life expectancy which is 8 years below US average
Drug crime was rife. In 2013, drug overdoses accounted for 56% of accidental deaths .
What are the priorities for regeneration ?
To create sustainable communities , the economy needs to grow, poverty and disadvantage need to be tackled and communities need to be culturally mixed
What are major concerns in West Berkshire?
- skills shortage
- small pockets of deprivation Eg Aldermaston together with poor bus service
- lack of affordable housing in commuter villages Eg Cookham and windsor
Main priorities for regeneration in West Berkshire
- 10,500 new homes
- mixture of house sizes and types
- sustainable East Kennet valley plan: Protected employment areas for Aldermaston, , planning for new homes , improved access to rail connections
- super fast broadband deployment plan
Major concerns in Middlesbrough
- sink estates Eg Grove hill
- gated communities Eg Coulby Newham
- Ofsted said that 50% of students require improvement
Main priorities in middleborough
- enhance sports facilities such as Middlesbrough college
- regenerate greater middle haven - invest £215 million to create 1500 jobs, a new police HQ and waterside office developments
- new high quality housing - 11,500 new homes in grove hill
Participation in the 2015 National election
- poor, black and young People were least likely to vote
- only 44% of 18 to 24 year olds voted in 2015
Why are community groups important ?
- Regeneration relies on community participation
What does the size of community groups depend on?
Local willingness to participate and the main aim of the group
Eg: NIMBY protesting over planned developments such as new housing.
How useful is the voluntary sector?
Effective in youth mentoring schemes, addiction treatment and welfare to work organisations.
Engagement depends on two key factors
Membership: sense of belonging, familiarity and acceptance
Influence: sense of playing a part in.a place and caring about it
What is Civic engagement?
Participation in the local community such as volunteering or voting
How does age influence attachment to places?
- decline in political engagement especially for 18-24 year olds
- most like to be students or young migrants so have a short resident time
How does ethnicity influence attachment to place?
- non-white British may differ in their views because of local antipathy or acceptance
- apathy due to the system of Government not helping in the past
How does gender influence attachment to place ?
- despite modern gender equality women may still feel they can’t go to the pub alone
How does deprivation influence attachment to a place ?
- marginalised as a result of their core culture
- social polarisation - segregation through income inequality
- high incomes elites cluster and low income social groups cluster
How does length of residence influence attachment to place ?
- long-standing locals will feel a greater attachment to place than students and migrants
- place identity proudly flaunted by locals such as Scouse or Geordie
- local dialect and language may foster a sneeze of place
- support for football clubs
How can studentification cause conflict?
- affects many larger urban places such as Leeds
- concentrations of transient, exuberant, youthful groups - little regard for long term residents
What are the causes for differing views about the priorities for regeneration ?
- lack of political engagement
- ethnic tensions
- inequality
- lack of economic opportunities
The Northern powerhouse
A concept announced in 2014 to empower the Northern cities to collectively come together to become a unified economic force to rival London and the South East
Cause of conflict over the Northern Power house
- distinct local identities hindered plans
- choice of greater Manchester as the main hub was contested by Liverpool’s city council
- one reason for separate identities is poor inter regional transport
Kingston age structure
- 0-18 - 36,577 (22%)
- 18.9% increase in people aged 65 and over
- median age rose from 35 to 38
Kingston census data on a differing scale
Post code: KT3 5PE
- employment - 72.8%
- general health - very good - 65% - poor - 1.1%
- 25.5% from ethnic minority background
Relationships and correlations in Kingston
Correlation between areas with unemployment and low educational qualification. 13% of all Kingston’s residents over 16 have no qualification
Kingston education performance
- 19 secondary school which serve 14625 students for the 2022 year .
- 36% of pupils achieved grade 5 or both in English and Maths which is higher than the 25% average nationally
Job and qualifications pattern the Kingston census data
- Kingston residents were more likely to work in professional / managerial occupations (41.1% compared to England average of 31.3%).
- More likely to hold degree level 4/5 qualifications (41.4% compared to 27.4%)
Hackney census data
-Age structure - 25% of population under 20 and a further 23% aged between 20-29
- population size has increased 5.3%
Hackney census data on a differing scale
Postcode: E9 6LG
- unemployment - 18.8%
- general health - very good - 52.2% - poor - 4.5%
- ethnic groups : white - 37%, black - 35%, mixed -10%
Relationships and correlations in Hackney
- String correlation between areas with high unemployment and low educational qualifications.
- nearly 45% of households in Hackney rent from a social landlord - tend to have higher unemployment and low average incomes
Brownswood ward profile (Hackney)
Age: 20-24 - 10.1%
Ethnicity: White - 43.1%
Black African - 6.3%
Hackney education performance
Improvement in school performance:
2019 Hackney GCSE students achieved 5 A-C or above - 69.6%
2010 - 55.3%
Mapping Hackney census data
The largest population increases in London have been in Tower Hamlets and Barking and Dagenham where populations have grown by 22.1% and 17.7%.
Why is Kingston more successful?
- considered a very affluent borough
- life expectancy in Kingston is 81.7 years for men and 84.9 years for women. Due to good health.
- 86% of Kingston are reported to be in Good health
Why is Hackney at risk of a spiral of decline?
- among the top most dangerous boroughs in London, overall crime rate 2021- 105 crime per 1000 people.
- Hackney is second on the poverty rates in London with 36% .
Priorities for regeneration in Kingston
The redevelopment of the Locks crescent in New Malden which provides an attractive usable community open space for example St George’s square, shop front improvement on the high street.
Priorities for regeneration in Hackney
- restored art deco town hall and council chambers, Hackney central is a growing creative and retail destination with huge opportunities for new housing and jobs. They aim to create 3000 new jobs and 1000 new homes.
Political engagement in Kingston
45.64% turnout
Lib Dems
Hackney political engagement
39.2% turnout
Labour
In Hackney , equality and diversity is a main focus to get people more involved
How local people view Kingston ?
Some of the locals disagree with the regeneration of Cambridge estate as access is not guaranteed during the years of building
How local people view their areas in Hackney?
A new second entrance has opened in Hackney central which means that local can enjoy quicker and easier access to London Underground services and also eases congestion
Regeneration plans in Kingston
New Malden - housing with 200 flats (2009) people were concerned it would result in overcrowding due to families moving in . This is a continued trend with many other flat / housing plans.
Hackney regeneration plans
Improvements since 15 years ago - better transport links, first class schools and Better public facility.
Coalville estate - 935 new home, 70 social
Woodberry down - one of Europes biggest single - state regeneration projects 5500 new homes
Kingston population growth
160,000 - 168,000 between 2011 and 2021 (5%)
Lower than the national average of 6.6%
