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A Level Geography > Topic 4 EQ 2 > Flashcards

Topic 4 EQ 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes a region successful?

A

High employment
Inward migration
Low levels of deprivation

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2
Q

Why is Berkshire a successful region?

A
  • Home to major ICT companies such as Microsoft. Slough trading estate, UKs largest trading estate, HQ of O2
  • population growth in west berkshire of 6.4 % and slough increase of 16.3%. Fastest growing town in SE England
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3
Q

Drawbacks of success

A

High property prices
Skills shortage

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4
Q

Drawbacks of success in Berkshire

A
  • 40-50% rise in property prices in the 10 years from 2005
  • properties in excess of £2 million
  • The Lambourn and Aldermaston villages can’t afford cost of energy and cars but the population is too small to justify a bus service
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5
Q

What is the Rust belt?

A

Deindustrialisation led to rapid unemployment and a spiral of decline.

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6
Q

Reasons for the decline of the rust belt in USA

A
  • Overseas companies producing cheaper coal and steel
  • mechanisation
  • lower wage costs in south Eastern USA led to relocation of steel and car
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7
Q

How did Deindustrialisation impact Beattyville?

A

1/3 of teenagers left high school without graduating
68.3 years male life expectancy which is 8 years below US average
Drug crime was rife. In 2013, drug overdoses accounted for 56% of accidental deaths .

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8
Q

What are the priorities for regeneration ?

A

To create sustainable communities , the economy needs to grow, poverty and disadvantage need to be tackled and communities need to be culturally mixed

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9
Q

What are major concerns in West Berkshire?

A
  • skills shortage
  • small pockets of deprivation Eg Aldermaston together with poor bus service
  • lack of affordable housing in commuter villages Eg Cookham and windsor
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10
Q

Main priorities for regeneration in West Berkshire

A
  • 10,500 new homes
  • mixture of house sizes and types
  • sustainable East Kennet valley plan: Protected employment areas for Aldermaston, , planning for new homes , improved access to rail connections
  • super fast broadband deployment plan
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11
Q

Major concerns in Middlesbrough

A
  • sink estates Eg Grove hill
  • gated communities Eg Coulby Newham
  • Ofsted said that 50% of students require improvement
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12
Q

Main priorities in middleborough

A
  • enhance sports facilities such as Middlesbrough college
  • regenerate greater middle haven - invest £215 million to create 1500 jobs, a new police HQ and waterside office developments
  • new high quality housing - 11,500 new homes in grove hill
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13
Q

Participation in the 2015 National election

A
  • poor, black and young People were least likely to vote
  • only 44% of 18 to 24 year olds voted in 2015
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14
Q

Why are community groups important ?

A
  • Regeneration relies on community participation
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15
Q

What does the size of community groups depend on?

A

Local willingness to participate and the main aim of the group
Eg: NIMBY protesting over planned developments such as new housing.

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16
Q

How useful is the voluntary sector?

A

Effective in youth mentoring schemes, addiction treatment and welfare to work organisations.

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17
Q

Engagement depends on two key factors

A

Membership: sense of belonging, familiarity and acceptance
Influence: sense of playing a part in.a place and caring about it

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18
Q

What is Civic engagement?

A

Participation in the local community such as volunteering or voting

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19
Q

How does age influence attachment to places?

A
  • decline in political engagement especially for 18-24 year olds
  • most like to be students or young migrants so have a short resident time
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20
Q

How does ethnicity influence attachment to place?

A
  • non-white British may differ in their views because of local antipathy or acceptance
  • apathy due to the system of Government not helping in the past
21
Q

How does gender influence attachment to place ?

A
  • despite modern gender equality women may still feel they can’t go to the pub alone
22
Q

How does deprivation influence attachment to a place ?

A
  • marginalised as a result of their core culture
  • social polarisation - segregation through income inequality
  • high incomes elites cluster and low income social groups cluster
23
Q

How does length of residence influence attachment to place ?

A
  • long-standing locals will feel a greater attachment to place than students and migrants
  • place identity proudly flaunted by locals such as Scouse or Geordie
  • local dialect and language may foster a sneeze of place
  • support for football clubs
24
Q

How can studentification cause conflict?

A
  • affects many larger urban places such as Leeds
  • concentrations of transient, exuberant, youthful groups - little regard for long term residents
25
Q

What are the causes for differing views about the priorities for regeneration ?

A
  • lack of political engagement
  • ethnic tensions
  • inequality
  • lack of economic opportunities
26
Q

The Northern powerhouse

A

A concept announced in 2014 to empower the Northern cities to collectively come together to become a unified economic force to rival London and the South East

27
Q

Cause of conflict over the Northern Power house

A
  • distinct local identities hindered plans
  • choice of greater Manchester as the main hub was contested by Liverpool’s city council
  • one reason for separate identities is poor inter regional transport
28
Q

Kingston age structure

A
  • 0-18 - 36,577 (22%)
  • 18.9% increase in people aged 65 and over
  • median age rose from 35 to 38
29
Q

Kingston census data on a differing scale

A

Post code: KT3 5PE
- employment - 72.8%
- general health - very good - 65% - poor - 1.1%
- 25.5% from ethnic minority background

30
Q

Relationships and correlations in Kingston

A

Correlation between areas with unemployment and low educational qualification. 13% of all Kingston’s residents over 16 have no qualification

31
Q

Kingston education performance

A
  • 19 secondary school which serve 14625 students for the 2022 year .
  • 36% of pupils achieved grade 5 or both in English and Maths which is higher than the 25% average nationally
32
Q

Job and qualifications pattern the Kingston census data

A
  • Kingston residents were more likely to work in professional / managerial occupations (41.1% compared to England average of 31.3%).
  • More likely to hold degree level 4/5 qualifications (41.4% compared to 27.4%)
33
Q

Hackney census data

A

-Age structure - 25% of population under 20 and a further 23% aged between 20-29
- population size has increased 5.3%

34
Q

Hackney census data on a differing scale

A

Postcode: E9 6LG
- unemployment - 18.8%
- general health - very good - 52.2% - poor - 4.5%
- ethnic groups : white - 37%, black - 35%, mixed -10%

35
Q

Relationships and correlations in Hackney

A
  • String correlation between areas with high unemployment and low educational qualifications.
  • nearly 45% of households in Hackney rent from a social landlord - tend to have higher unemployment and low average incomes
36
Q

Brownswood ward profile (Hackney)

A

Age: 20-24 - 10.1%
Ethnicity: White - 43.1%
Black African - 6.3%

37
Q

Hackney education performance

A

Improvement in school performance:
2019 Hackney GCSE students achieved 5 A-C or above - 69.6%
2010 - 55.3%

38
Q

Mapping Hackney census data

A

The largest population increases in London have been in Tower Hamlets and Barking and Dagenham where populations have grown by 22.1% and 17.7%.

39
Q

Why is Kingston more successful?

A
  • considered a very affluent borough
  • life expectancy in Kingston is 81.7 years for men and 84.9 years for women. Due to good health.
  • 86% of Kingston are reported to be in Good health
40
Q

Why is Hackney at risk of a spiral of decline?

A
  • among the top most dangerous boroughs in London, overall crime rate 2021- 105 crime per 1000 people.
  • Hackney is second on the poverty rates in London with 36% .
41
Q

Priorities for regeneration in Kingston

A

The redevelopment of the Locks crescent in New Malden which provides an attractive usable community open space for example St George’s square, shop front improvement on the high street.

42
Q

Priorities for regeneration in Hackney

A
  • restored art deco town hall and council chambers, Hackney central is a growing creative and retail destination with huge opportunities for new housing and jobs. They aim to create 3000 new jobs and 1000 new homes.
43
Q

Political engagement in Kingston

A

45.64% turnout
Lib Dems

44
Q

Hackney political engagement

A

39.2% turnout
Labour
In Hackney , equality and diversity is a main focus to get people more involved

45
Q

How local people view Kingston ?

A

Some of the locals disagree with the regeneration of Cambridge estate as access is not guaranteed during the years of building

46
Q

How local people view their areas in Hackney?

A

A new second entrance has opened in Hackney central which means that local can enjoy quicker and easier access to London Underground services and also eases congestion

47
Q

Regeneration plans in Kingston

A

New Malden - housing with 200 flats (2009) people were concerned it would result in overcrowding due to families moving in . This is a continued trend with many other flat / housing plans.

48
Q

Hackney regeneration plans

A

Improvements since 15 years ago - better transport links, first class schools and Better public facility.
Coalville estate - 935 new home, 70 social
Woodberry down - one of Europes biggest single - state regeneration projects 5500 new homes

49
Q

Kingston population growth

A

160,000 - 168,000 between 2011 and 2021 (5%)
Lower than the national average of 6.6%

A Level Geography (17 decks)

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