Topic 4. Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are species?

A

Organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Organisms from different species that can breed cross-breed, which does not create fertile offspring.

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2
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time. 2 populations of the same species living in different areas are still the same species since they can interbreed. However these populations may start to evolve differently.

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3
Q

What is a community?

A

A community is multiple populations living in the same area and interacting with eachother.

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4
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

An ecosystem is a community and its abiotic environment. Organisms depend on the abiotic environment. Ecologists study both individual components and interactions in an ecosystem.

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5
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Autotrophs are species that gain nutrition from the abiotic environment. Either via photosynthesis or via chemosynthesis.

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6
Q

What are heterothrops?

A

Heterotrophs are species that gain nutrition from other organisms

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7
Q

What are consumers?

A

Consumers are heterotrophs that gain nutrition through ingestion of other living organisms. Either herbivores, omnivores or carnivores.

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8
Q

What are herbivores?

A

Species that gain nutrition by ingesting plants. For example guinepigs and cows.

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9
Q

What are omnivores?

A

Omnivores are consumers that gain nutrition by ingesting plants and animal matter. For example humans and bears.

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10
Q

What are carnivores?

A

Carnivores are consumers that gain nutrition by ingesting animal matter. For example wolves and lions.

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11
Q

What are scavengers?

A

Scavengers are heterotrophs that gain nutrition by ingesting dead and decaying carcasses. For example hyenas and vultures.

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12
Q

What are saprotrophs?

A

Saprotrophs are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients from external digestion of dead organisms. For example bacteria and fungi.

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13
Q

What are detritovores?

A

Detritovores are heterotrophs that gain nutrition by internal digestion of detritus. For example snails and earthworms.

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14
Q

How is the supply of inorganic nutrients maintained?

A

The supply of inorganic nutrients are maintained by nutrient cycling. They can be endlessly recycled.

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15
Q

How does nutrient cycling work?

A

Autotrophs obtain inorganic nutrients from the abiotic environment, they are then ingested by heterotrophs. Heterotrophs release inorganic nutrients as a byproduct. Sprothrophs decompose the ramains of dead orgainsms into the soil. The inorganic nutrients can then be used by autotrophs again and the cycle continues.

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16
Q

What is the energy source for most autotrophs?

A

The energy source for most autotrophs is sunlight. The use sunlight to carry out photosynthesis, which transforms light energy into chemical energy. The chemial energy is storedin organic compounds such as sugar.

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17
Q

What is the process of photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is the reverse reaction of cell respiration.
6CO₂+ 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

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18
Q

What are the energy source for heterotrophs?

A

The energy source for heterotrophs depend on where in a food chain the fall. Primary consumers energy source is autotrophs, where as secondary or tertiary consumers energy source is other heterotrophs. All heterotrophs heterotrophs break down the organic molecules in which chemical energy is stored in order to derive theie energy. This is done via cell respiration, which produces ATP that fuelss metabolic processes.

19
Q

What is the process of cell respiration?

A

Cell respiration is the reverse reaction of photosynthesis.
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ →6CO₂+ 6H₂O + ATP (chemical energy)

20
Q

What are food chains?

A

Food chains are used to show how different organisms feed and gain nutrition. The first organism in a food chain is called a produce, the second one is a primary consumer, the third one is secondary consumer, and the fourth one is a tertiary consumer. The position an organism has in a food chain is refered to as a trophic level.

21
Q

How is energy in organisms lost?

A

During cell respiration the organic molecules storing energy are oxidised. Oxidation is a exothermic reaction which means that energy is realeased. Most of the energy released is used to form ATP, but some of the energy is converted into thermal energy (heat). Some energy is also released through the organisms feces

22
Q

What is thermal energy and what do organisms do with it?

A

Thermal energy, or heat, is produced when exothermic reactions occur in an organism. These exothermic reactions are when a hetertroph converts the chemical energy that they have ingested. Thermal energy can not be converted to anothr type of energy by living organisms, so it is released from the organism and gets lost from the ecosystem.

23
Q

What do pyramids of energy illustrate?

A

Pyramids of energy illustrates the loss of energy between different trophic levels. An organisms only gains about 10% of the energy of the organism that it is feeding on, so about 90% of the energy is lost. This means that biomass also is lost between different trophic levels. Since so much energy is lost higher leveled consumers need to eat more, in order to gain enough energy. If more energy is lost hunting than gained eating the trophic level becomes unviable.

24
Q

What is biomass?

A

Biomass is the total mass of a group of organisms, consisting of the cells and tissues of those organisms.

25
Q

What is the carbon cycle?

A

The carbon cycle is a biogeochemical cycle whereby carbon is exchanged between the different spheres ofthe earth.

26
Q

What are the spheres of earth?

A
  • Atmosphere (air)
  • Lithosphere (ground)
  • Hydrosphere (water)
  • Biosphere (living things)
27
Q

What do autotrophs do with carbon dioxide?

A

Autotrophs convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates, lipids and other useful carbon compounds.

28
Q

What is carbon dioxide?

A

Carbon dioxide is the most abundant gas form of carbon. It is one of the greenhouse gases, and make up about 0.04% of the atmosphere. It is a byproduct of cell respiration, and it diffuses out of cells into the atmospere or the hydrosphere.

29
Q

How does carbon dioxide behave in water?

A

Carbondioxide can either exist as dissolved gas in water, or it combines with the water to fort carbonic acid. The carbonic acid can for hydrogen ions and hydrogen carbonate ions. The hydrogen ions lowers the pH of the water. Dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonic acid can be absorbed by aquatic plants that can turn them into useful carbon compounds.

30
Q

How is methane formed?

A

Methane is formed in anaerobic conditions, such as swamps or in the stomachs of cows. There methnogenic archaeans convert organic matter into methane. Some methane diffuses into the atmosphere while some accumulates under ground.

31
Q

What happens to methane in the atmosphere?

A

Methane can stay in the atmosphere for about 12 years. But after that it is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.

32
Q

How is peat formed?

A

Peat is formed in waterlogged soils under anaerobic conditions. Saprothrops usually decmpose dead organic matter, but in waterlogged soils they can not get oxygen. So the partially decomposed matter will be compressed underground and form peat.

33
Q

How is coal formed?

A

Coal is formed when peat is buried far down under other sediments. The peat is then compressed and heated which results in a product of coal.

34
Q

How is oil and natural gas formed?

A

Oil and natural gas are formed under anaerobic conditions in mud at the bottom of oceans. Chemical changes occur when partially decomposed matter is compressed and heated, which produces oil and natural gas.

35
Q

What is combustion?

A

Combustion is the oxidation reactions that occur when a substance burns. Combustion of biomass and fossilized organic matter produces carbon dioxide and water. Combustionof fossil fuels ofter occur in cars and factories.

36
Q

How is limestone formed?

A

When organisms with calcium carbonate shells dies their shells will acumulate at the bottom of the ocean. They will be covered by non-porous sedimentary rock layer, which will result in the schells being compressed and heated. Which results in the shells turning into limestone.

This process is called sedimentation.

37
Q

What are greenhouse gases and what do they do?

A

Greenhouse gases are gases which trap heat within the atmosphere. They retain the heat by absorbing and emiting long-wave radiation.

The most abundant greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide and water vapour. Other common greenhouse gases are methane and nitrogen oxides.

38
Q

How is the impact of a greenhouse gas determined?

A

The impact of a greenhouse gas is determined by a combination of 2 factors:
* The ability to absorb long-wave radiation
* Concentration of the gas within the atmosphere. The concentration is determined bu its rate of release and its persistance.

39
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

The greenhouse effect is a natural process that ensures that the earth remains at a stable temperature. This is done by greenhouse gases. Short-wave radiation is emited by the sun. when it reaches the earth it is converted to long-wave radiation (heat). Some long wave radiation is reflected back into space, but 85% is absorbed and re-emited back to earth.

40
Q

How does the concentration of a greenhouse gas relate to the average global temperature?

A

A correlation between carbon dioxide concentration and global temperature has been seen. This has been seen by analyzing the carbon dioxidelevels in air bubbels trapped in ice from thousands of years back. At times when the global temperature was higher the carbon dioxide concentration was higher. However it is not only the concentration of greenhouse gases that affect the global temperature.

41
Q

Why has there been an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide?

A

The main cause for the increase in carbon dioxide is combustion. There has been a great increase in combustion of fossil fuels since the industrial revolution. Since the industrial revolution carbon dioxide levels have increased about 38%.

42
Q

What are the effects of climate change.

A

Due to the increased greenhouse effect the average global temperatur has increased, this is also known as global warming. This results in glaciers melting and thus raising the sea levels. It also causes a few spieces, such as polar bears, to die out.

An increase in temperatur also causes more water to evaporate from oceans, which results in greater and longer rain periods. An increase in the ocenas temperature can also result in more frequent and stronger tropical storms and hurricanes.

43
Q

What is ocean acidification?

A

Ocean acidification is when oceans pH-levels get lower due to hydrogen ions. There has been an increase in hydrogen ions du to an increase in carbon dioxide in oceans.

The hydrogen ions also bond to lone carbonate ions. Less carbonate ions results in thinner calcium carbonate shells for some mollusca. Aswell as corals dying since there isn’t enough carbonate for them to form their exoskeletons.