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IB biology > All molecules > Flashcards

All molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Helicase

A

An anabolic enzyme that untwirls the DNA and breaks hydrogen bonds connecting the two strands in DNA for DNA replication

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2
Q

DNA polymerase

A

An anabolic enzyme that adds new DNA nucleotides, complimentary to the old strand in DNA replication

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3
Q

RNA polymerase

A

An anabolic enzyme that breaks H-bonds connecting the two strands of DNA in one gene, and adds RNA nucleotides complementare to the DNA strand, to make mRNA

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4
Q

Restriction endonuclease

A

An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific base sequences. Used to cut a plasmid or a piece of DNA in making recombinant DNA and organisms (GMOs) and also to cut DNA for analysis by gel electrophoresis

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5
Q

Ligase

A

AN enzyme used to glue DNA fragments together when making GMOs. Also used to glue Okazaki fragments together in DNA replication

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6
Q

Amylase

A

A catabolic enzyme made in the pancreas and salivary glands. Breaks down starch into maltose. pH 7-8

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7
Q

Proteases

A

Catabolic enzymes used to break down proteins into smaller polypeptides. One example is pepsin in the stomach. pH 2

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8
Q

Lipase

A

A catabolic enzyme made in the pancreas and let out into the small intestine. Breaks down triglycerids into glycerol and three fatty acids

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9
Q

Lactase

A

A catabolic enzyme made in cells of the small intestine. Breaks down the disaccharide lactose into glucose and galactose

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10
Q

Bile

A

Not an enzyme.
Emulsification of fat - mechanical digestion - just breaks fat into smaller pieces. It is made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, released through the bile duct to the small intestine

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11
Q

Rubisco

A

An enzyme used in photosynthesis to fix carbon. Attaches CO₂ to RuBP

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12
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone made in B-islet cells of the pancreas. Lowers blood glucose level by making liver and muscle cells take in glucose, and change it into the polysaccharide glycogen. Also involved in fat cell build-up

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13
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone made in Alpha-islet cells in the pancreas. Raises blood glucose levels by making the liver and muscle cells break down glycogen into glucose and release into the blood.

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14
Q

Immunoglobulin

A

A protein that makes antibodies

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15
Q

Rhodopsin

A

A protein, pigment in rod cells in the retina for vision

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16
Q

Collagen

A

A structural protein for strength in ligaments, blood vessel walls, and bones. Has a rope-like structure

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17
Q

Spider silk

A

A strong proteing that resists breaking, can stretch. Used to make spider webs

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18
Q

Cyclins: D, E, A, and B

A

Proteins used to control the different phases of cell division (graph on page 56 in the book)

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19
Q

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

A

Monosaccharides (carbohydrates)
Glucose: used in cell respiration
Fructose: makes fruit sweet

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20
Q

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose

A

Disaccharides (carbohydrates)
Sucrose: in plant vessels, and used in baking
Maltose: in seed germination
Lactose: energy storage in milk

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21
Q

Cellulose, starch, and glycogen

A

Polysaccharides (carbohydrates)

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22
Q

Cellulose

A

A polysaccharide made from Beta glucose, straight, no branching. In plant cell walls with 1-4 bonds

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23
Q

Glycogen

A

A polysaccharide made from Alpha glucose, used as storage in animals (1-4 and 1-6 bonds)

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24
Q

Starch

A

A polysaccharide made from Alpha glucose. Used as energy storage in plants. Made of amylose and amylopectin

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25
Q

Amylose

A

A polysaccharide that is the straight chain part of starch (1-4 bonds)

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26
Q

Amylopectin

A

A polysaccharide that is the branched chain part of starch, but not as branched as glycogen (1-4 and 1-6 bonds)

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27
Q

Thyroxine

A

A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland and controls metabolism and body temperature. Needs iodine (stimulates metabolism and heat production)

Target cells: almost all cells in the body

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28
Q

Leptin

A

A hormone secreted by the adipose tissue, inhibits hunger (makes you feel full).

Target cells: the hypothalamus part of the brain

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29
Q

Melatonin

A

A hormone secreted by the pineal gland in the brain to control the circadian rhythm (makes you sleepy at night). Secreted when light levels decrease: when cells in the retina detect less light

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30
Q

Estrogen

A

A steroid hormone produced by the ovaries. Make primary sexual characteristics before birth, secondary sexual characterisitcs at puberty, affects sex drive, and is involved in meiosis to make eggs (gametes). Increases during the menstrual cycle after FSH, to repair the uterine lining (endometrium). Is also made by the placenta during pregnancy

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31
Q

Progesterone

A

A steroid hormone involved in reproduction. Last hormone to rise during the menstrual cycle, thickens the uterine lining for pregnancy, keeps the lining thick during pregnancy. Stays at a high level during pregnancy, falls before birth or menstruation. Made by the ovaries (in the corpus luteum / old follicle), and the placenta during pregnancy. Progesterone inhibits FSH

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32
Q

Testosterone

A

A steroid hormone produced in Leydig (Interstitial) cells of the testes. Make primary sexual characteristics before birth, secondary sexual characteristics at puberty, sex drive and involved in meiosis to make sperm (gametes)

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33
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone. A hormone produced by the pituitary gland in the brain to start a follicle to develop and an egg to begin maturing

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34
Q

LH

A

Leutinizing hormone. A hormone produced by the pituitary in the brain for ovulation.

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35
Q

Vitamin B12 (niacin)

A

A vitamin that helps in preventing spina bifida (incomplete closure of the neural tube)

36
Q

Histone proteins

A

DNA is wound around these proteins in Eukaryotic chromosomes, but NOT in prokaryotic DNA. Is arranged in groups of 8+1 for each nucleosome)

37
Q

Pyruvate

A

3 carbon sugar produced in the first step of cell respiration (both anaerobic and aerobic

38
Q

Lactate

A

Produced by anaerobic cell respiration by animals in muscle cells

39
Q

Ethanol and carbon dioxide

A

Products of anaerobic cell respiration by yeast

40
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate. A molecule of energy that a cell can use. made by attaching ADP and an inorganic phosphate during cell respiration

41
Q

Na+ and K+

A

Ions used in propagation of an action potential down one neuron. Na+ enters the neuron to increase the potential (de-polarization phase), K+ leaves to decrease the potential (re-polarization phase)

42
Q

Ca2+

A

Ion needed for synaptic transmission. Enters the synaptic knob and makes the vessicle with the neurotransmitter move to the end membrane to be released by exocytosis

43
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A neurotransmitter that causes contraction of muscles

44
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

An enzyme that breaks down the acetylcholine neurotransmitter in the synapse, to be taken up again by the presynaptic neuron. (breaks it down to acetyl and choline)

45
Q

Neonicatinoids

A

A chemical pesticide that can block cholinergic receptors in insects. Hurts bees navigation and they can die

46
Q

Urea

A

First organic molecule synthesized in the lab. Freidrich Wöhler disproved vitalism when he made this. It is also the main toxin in urine - made in the liver from ammonia, which is a by-product of breaking down proteins. Gets filtered out in the kidney

47
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins made by B lymphocytes for the specific defense system. can be released into the blood and attack specific antigens. Plasma cells, which are clones of B lymphocytes can make these also

48
Q

Antigens

A

Proteins and glycoproteins used for identification. These stimulate the production of antibodies

49
Q

DNA polymerase 3

A

An enzyme that adds DNA nucleotides to the leading and lagging strands during DNA replication

50
Q

DNA polymerase 1

A

An enzyme that switched DNA nucleotides for RNA nucleotides in the primers on the lagging strand in the okazaki fragments (and the beginning of the leading strand also)

51
Q

DNA primase

A

AN enzyme that makes RNA primers at the beginning of each DNA piece during DAN replication

52
Q

DNA ligase

A

An enzyme that links together the DNA fragments made during DNA replication on the lagging strand

53
Q

SSBPs

A

Proteins that hold the two DNA strands apart during DNA replication

54
Q

Gyrase

A

A protein that reduces tension during the unwinding of the DNA molecule during DAN replication

55
Q

SNrPS

A

A RNA/enzyme that is involved in splicing (post transcriptional modification) of mRNA. Cuts out introns and splices together the exons to make mature mRNA which can leave the nucleus for translation at the ribosomes

56
Q

Methyl or acetyl groups

A

Modification of DNA, which allows it to be easier or harder to read

57
Q

t-RNA activating enzyme

A

An enzyme that attaches the correct amino acid to the tRNA, according to the anticodon on the tRNA

58
Q

Isoleucine

A

End product inhibitor of first enzyme in the manufacture of isoleucine from threonine

59
Q

Threonine deaminase

A

An enzyme that is inhibited by the end product isoleucine (the substrate of this enzyme is threonine)

60
Q

Acetyl coA

A

2 carbon molecule which enters the Krebs cycle

61
Q

NADH

A

This is also called reduced NAD+ , an electron carrier in cell respiration. Made in the first three steps (glycolysis, link reaction and Krebs cycle). NADH then gets oxidized (loses its e and H+) in the ETC (electron transport chain)

62
Q

FADH2

A

An electron carrier also called reduced FAD, made during the krebs cycle of aerobic cell respiration - it will be oxidixed in the ETC

63
Q

NADPH

A

An electron carrier also called reduced NADP, made during the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis, after PS1 absorbs light

64
Q

RUBP

A

Ribulose bi phosphate. gets fixed or carboxylated in the Calvin cycle in photsynthesis

65
Q

G3P

A

Glycerate 3 phosphate. The first recognizable molecule in the calvin cycle after carboxylation or carbon fixation of RUBP

66
Q

TP

A

Triose phosphate. Reduced G3P made in the Calvin cycle - used to make glucose, and also to regenerate RUBP

67
Q

Oxygen (ETC)

A

The final electron acceptor in the ETC of the mitochondria in aerobic cell respiration. It takes electrons and hydrogen ions and makes water.

68
Q

Auxin

A

A plant hormone that influences gene expression. causes growth in root and shoot cells. Responsible for phototropism, where plants bend toward light. Made in shoot tip, and moved (by efflux pumps) to the shady side, where it makes cells elongate (cellulose walls get looser)

69
Q

Pr - Pfr

A

Pigment (phytochrome). Influences flowering times in angiosperms. Pfr is the active version, and promotes flowering in long day plants, but inhibits flowering in short day plants

70
Q

Gibberelin

A

A hormone produced when a seed absorbs water, and causes the production of the enzyme amylase, which will digest the starch energy reserve in the cotyledon

71
Q

Abscissic acid

A

A hormone that makes stomata close when there is not enough water

72
Q

Histamine

A

Cause allergic symptoms. it is released by mast (and basofil) cells. causes dilation of blood vessels and they become leaky

73
Q

Troponin

A

A protein that Ca2+ attaches to in order to move tropomyosin

74
Q

Tropomyosin

A

A protein which covers the myosin binding heads on actin, and is moved away for contraction

75
Q

Actin

A

A protein that is the thin muscle fiber in a sarcomere. has binding sites for myosin heads. Outsides of sarcomere, and make up the Z line. Makes the light bands, which get thinner during muscle contraction

76
Q

Myosin

A

A protein that is the thick muscle fiber in a sarcomere, has myosin heads which attach to actin binding sites. on the inside of the sarcomere, make up the dark band which does not change size during contraction

77
Q

CA2+

A

An ion needed for muscle contraction. released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and binds to troponin, moving the tropomyosin

78
Q

ADH

A

A hormone made in the pituitary and works on the collecting duct of the nephron in the kidney. Causes more pores to open, letting more water back into the blood, to save water. Produced when you are dehydrated. (Alcohol causes this not to be produced, so you urinate too much and become more dehydrated = hangover

79
Q

HcG

A

A hormone produced by the early embryo to signal pregnancy - keeps the corpus luteum producing progesterone. Can be detected by pregnancy tests uses monoclonal antibodies

80
Q

Oxytocin

A

A hormone released from the pituitary when progesterone levels lowers. causes the uterus to contract for birth

81
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Excites next cell

82
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Inhibits next cell

83
Q

Excitatory drugs

A

Cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine (need to know how 2 work)

84
Q

Inhibitory drugs

A

THC, alcohol, benzodiazapines

85
Q

Slow acting neurotransmitters

A

Affects memory and learning. work with secondary messengers

86
Q

Dopamine

A

A neurotransmitter involved in the reward pathway. Can affect addiction

IB biology (10 decks)

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