Topic 4- Cell respiration and exercise Flashcards
What does cell respiration mean?
Combining fuel and oxygen to produce energy.
What does aerobic mean?
Using oxygen/ in the presence of oxygen.
What is the equation for aerobic respiration in words?
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
What is the equation for aerobic respiration in chemical symbols?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
What is the function of the mitochondria?
The site of aerobic respiration.
Why do mitochondria have folded inner membranes?
To increase surface area to volume ratio.
What types of cell contain the greatest number of mitochondria cells? (2)
Retinal eye cells, heart muscle cells.
What are the 10 stages to anaerobic excercise?
- Vigorous exercise.
- Heart and lungs cannot supply oxygen fast enough to supply demand.
- Aerobic respiration provides less and less energy.
- Anaerobic respiration provides energy.
- Glucose is broken down into lactic acid.
- Lactic acid accumulates in muscles causing fatigue.
- Forced to stop exercise.
- Lactic acid transported from muscles to liver.
- Lactic acid oxidised to CO₂ and H₂O.
- Oxygen debt has been repaid.
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
glucose → lactic acid
What sort of molecule is glycogen?
Chain of glucose molecules.
Where is glycogen found?
Liver.
When is glycogen made?
When there is excess glucose (levels are too high in blood.)
When is glycogen used?
When there isn’t enough glucose during exercise.
Which hormone promotes glycogen formation?
Insulin.
What is metabolisim?
The sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in your body.
What are catabolic reactions?
Break down large molecules into smaller ones. They are exergonic (give out energy).
Give an example of a catabolic reaction:
Respiration, break down of protein, carbohydrates and lipids during digestion.
Where are amino acids broken down and what is the fate of the waste product?
Amino acids are broken down in the liver. The waste is converted into urea to be excreted.
What are anabolic reactions?
Synthesis reactions where larger complex molecules are formed. They require much more energy from respiration and are therefore endergonic.
What are endergonic and exergonic reactions?
Endergonic requires energy from its surroundings.
Exergonic gives energy to its surroundings.
What are examples of anabolic reactions?
Photosynthesis, conversion of glucose into starch, oils, proteins, cellulose and glycogen (in animals) and DNA synthesis.
What is required to turn glucose into amino acids in plants?
The glucose must be joined with nitrates.
What is required to synthesise lipids (triglycerides)?
One glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecules
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants (fermentation)?
Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
What is the anaerobic respiration of yeast called?
Alcoholic fermentation.
How does limewater test for carbon dioxide?
It becomes cloudy in the presence of carbon dioxide.
Define respiration.
A biochemical reaction that breaks down glucose to provide energy.
What properties does something need to be considered alive?
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
What is metabolism?
The sum of all the chemical reactions that go on inside an organism’s body.
