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BIOLOGY-EVIE > Topic 4- Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Topic 4- Bioenergetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does photosynthesis do?

A

uses energy to change CO2 and water into glucose and oxygen

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2
Q

where does photosynthesis take place

A

in chloroplasts in green plant cells.

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3
Q

what does chloroplasts contain

A

chlorophyll that absorb light

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4
Q

what sort of reaction is photosynthesis

A

endothermic- energy is transferred from the environment in the process

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5
Q

what’s the word equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide and water -> (with light) glucose and oxygen

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6
Q

symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> (with light) C6H12O6 +6O2

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7
Q

what do plants use glucose for

A 
respiration 
making cellulos 
making amino acids 
stored as fats or oils
stored as starch
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8
Q

what does respiration do i. plants

A

transfers energy from glucose which enables the plants to convert the rest of the glucose into various other useful substances

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9
Q

what does cellulose do

A

makes strong plant cell walls

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10
Q

how are amino acids made and what are they then made into

A

glucose combines with nitrate ions (absorbed from the soil) to make amino acids which are then made into proteins

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11
Q

what’s another word for oils and fats and what do they do

A

lipids, which store seeds

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12
Q

where’s starch stored in the plants

A

roots stems and leaves

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13
Q

what is glucose used for when not stored

A

photosynthesis

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14
Q

what makes starch good for storing and what makes it better than glucose

A

it’s insoluble, so its better than glucose for storing, as glucose would draw in loads of water and swell up

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15
Q

what is the rate of photosynthesis affected by

A

light
conc of CO2
temperature

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16
Q

what’s a limiting factor

A

something that stops photosynthesis from happening any faster

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17
Q

what’s the limiting factor at night

A

light

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18
Q

what’s the limiting factor in winter

A

temperature

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19
Q

what’s the limiting factor when it’s warm and bright enough

A

co2

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20
Q

what’s another limiting factor for photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll

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21
Q

what can the amount of chlorophyll in a plant be affected by

A

disease such as infection wit the tobacco or mosaic virus

environmental stress, such as lack of nutrients

-> cause chloroplasts to become damaged or not make enough energy

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22
Q

what does a lack of chlorophyll mean for the pants

A

the rate of photosynthesis is reduced because they ant absorb as much light

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23
Q

describe the light graph for the rate of photosynthesis

A

photosynthesis increases steadily, up to a certain point

beyond this, as light intensity increase the photosynthesis rate no longer does

this is because co2 or light is now a limiting factor

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24
Q

how do you change light intensity in a lab

A

move a lamp further away/nearer

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25
Q

deacribe the co2 graph for photosynthesis

A

the same as light but with co2

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26
Q

what does it mean if temperature is the limiting factor

A

the temp is too low so the enzymes can’t function properly and work slower

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27
Q

what happens when temperatures get to high

A

enzymes denature

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28
Q

at what temp do enzymes denature

A

45 degrees

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29
Q

when a line levels off at a lower point on a graph showing more than one limiting factor, what does this mean?

A

that line must be the limiting factor

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30
Q

what plant can be used to measure the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis

A

canadian pondweed

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31
Q

in the pondweed experiment, how does the rate of oxygen relate to the rate of photosynthesis

A

the faster the rate of oxygen production, the faster the rate of photosynthesis

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32
Q

explain the pondweed practical

A

1) a white light source is placed at a specific distance from pondweed
2) the pondweed is left to photosynthesise for a set amount of time
3) as it photosynthesises, the oxygen released will collect in the capillary tube
4) at the end of the experiment, the syringe draws gas bubbles in the tube alongside a ruler and the length of the gas bubble is measured,
this is proportional to the volume of 02 produced
5) the experiment is repeated twice to calculate mean volume of o2 produced
6) then its repeated with light at different distances from the pondweed

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33
Q

the apparatus in pondweed experiment can be altered to measure the effect of temp and Co2 on photosynthesis. give examples of this

A

test tube of pondweed can be put into water bath at set temperature

or measured amount of sodium hydrocarbonate can be dissolved in the water which gives off CO2!

the experiment can be repeated with different conc of sodium hydrocarbonate or different temps of water

34
Q

what does the inverse square law link?

A

light intensity and distance

35
Q

in the pondweed experiment how are distance and light intensity linked

A

as the distance increases, the light intensity decreases
OR YOU COULD SAY…
distance an light intensity are inversely proportional

36
Q

what’s the inverse square law

A

‘light intensity decreases in proportion to the square of the distance’

37
Q

how is inverse square law written

A

light intensity (fish sign) 1 divided by distance (d) squared

38
Q

what does the inverse square law mean in terms of numbers?

A

if you halve the distance the light intensity will be four times greater if you third the distance the light intensity will be nine times greater etc

39
Q

what’s the measure of light intensity

A

1/d2

40
Q

give an example or artificial environments

A

greenhouse

41
Q

what do greenhouses do

A

trap suns heat and make sure temperature doesn’t become limiting

42
Q

what do farmers use to cool greenhouses

A

shades and ventilation

43
Q

what is used to supplement light in. greenhouses

A

artificial light when the sun goes down

44
Q

how do farmers increase co2 in greenhouses

A

using paraffin heaters which produces co2

45
Q

what do farmers to the ensure the plants are enclosed

A

put down fertiliser in soil to provide minerals needed for healthy growth

46
Q

What happened to the plants if the conditions are perfect

A

They will grow faster

47
Q

Where does energy come from and what’s is it transferred by

A

food and respiration

48
Q

What does respiration do

A

transfers the energy that the cell needs to do just about everything this energy is used for all living processes

49
Q

what respiration

A

The process of transferring energy from glucose which goes on in every cell

50
Q

what type of reaction is respiration and why

A

exothermic-it transfers energy to the environment

51
Q

give three examples of how organisms use the energy transferred by respiration

A

To build up larger molecules from smaller ones (like proteins from amino acids)

allows the muscles to contract

in mammals and birds the energy is used to keep the body temperature steady in colder surroundings

52
Q

what are chemical reactions controlled by

A

enzymes

53
Q

give the equation for when reactions are linked together to form bigger reactions

A

reactant reaches with enzyme to form product with reacts to create another product and so on etc

54
Q

given example where larger molecules are made from smaller ones

A

Glucose molecules are joined together to form starch glycogen and cellulose

lipid molecules are each made from one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids

glucose is combined with nitrate ions to make amino acid‘s which are then made into proteins

55
Q

give examples where larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones

A

glucose is broken down in respiration

excess protein is broken down in a reaction to produce urea which is excreted in the urine

56
Q

what is metabolism

A

The sum of all the reactions that happen in a cell or the body

57
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

respiration using oxygen

it is the most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose

58
Q

when does aerobic respiration happen

A

All the time in plants and animals

59
Q

Where does most of the reactions in aerobic respiration happen

A

Inside the mitochondria

60
Q

give the word and symbol equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose plus oxygen reacts to make carbon dioxide and water

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2+ 6H2O

61
Q

When is anaerobic respiration used

A

when there’s not enough oxygen

62
Q

When can your body not supply enough oxygen

A

When you’re doing vigourous exercise

63
Q

What’s anaerobic mean

A

incomplete breakdown of glucose making lactic acid

64
Q

Give the word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

glucose -> lactic

65
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration not transfer nearly as much energy as aerobic respiration

A

because glucose isn’t fully oxidised

66
Q

give the word equation for anaerobic respiration

in plants and yeast cells

A

glucose -> ethanol + CO2

67
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called

A

fermentation

68
Q

in the industry what is fermentation by yeast used for

A

to make bread and alcoholic drinks

69
Q

what makes bread rise

A

co2 from fermentation

70
Q

what sort of organism is yeast

A

single called

71
Q

when you excersise, you respire….

A

more

72
Q

muscles need energy from respiration to…

A

contract

73
Q

when you excersise, you need more energy for muscles, what does this mean for oxygen?

A

you need more

74
Q

what does the body do to get more oxygen into the body

A

your breathing rate and breath volume increase

heart rate increased to get oxygenated blood around the body faster

this removes co2 more quickly at the same time

75
Q

what happens after long periods of excersise

A

your body can’t supply enough oxygen to your muscles, so anaerobic respiration begins

lactic acidosis builds up-> pain in muscles

muscle fatigue

76
Q

what does anaerobic respiration lead to?

A

oxygen debt

77
Q

what is an oxygen debt?

A

the amount of extra oxygen your body needs to react with the build up of lactic acid and remove it from cells. Oxygen reacts with the lactic acid to form harmless co3 and water

(in other words you have to repay the oxygen that you didn’t get to your muscles in time because your lungs heart and blood couldn’t keep up with the demand earlier on!)

78
Q

what does the oxygen debt mean for your breathing after hard excersise

A

you keep breathing for a while to repay the oxygen debt and get more oxygen into your blood which is transported to muscle cells

79
Q

what happens to the pulse and breathing rate whilst theee are high levels of lactic acid and co2

A

they remain high

80
Q

what’s another way of coping with high levels of lactic acid

A

the blood transports lactic acid to the liver

in the liver the lactic acid is converted back to glucose

BIOLOGY-EVIE (8 decks)

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