Topic 3-Infection and Response Flashcards
What can smoking cause?
Cardiovascular disease
Lung cancer
Lung disease
Walls of the arteries can get damaged and so can the cells in the lining
What can obesity cause?
Type 2 diabetes which is when a person becomes resistant to their own insulin
What can alcohol cause?
Liver disease
Brain damage
Explain how a tumour is formed
By an uncontrolled growth and division which is the result of changes that occur to the cells and result in the formation of a tumour
Are all tumours cancerous?
No
What does benign mean?
The tumour grows until there’s no more room-it stays in one place
Non-cancerous
What does malignant mean?
Grows and spreads. Cells break off and spread to the other parts of the body like the bloodstream. Invades healthy tissue.
Cancerous
Name five causes of cancer
Smoking Obesity Uv exposure Viral infection Genetics
Smoking?
Lung cancer
Obesity?
Bowl and kidney cancer
Uv exposure?
Skin cancer
Viral infection
Hepatitis B and C can increase the risk of developing liver cancer
What is health?
A state of mental and physical wellbeing
What does non-communicable mean?
Cannot spread between people or between animals and people
Give examples of noncommunicable diseases
Asthma
cancer
coronary heart disease
What can sometimes lead to an asthma attack?
Immune reactions caused by pathogens
What happens in an asthma attack?
Lining of the airways become inflamed
Fluids build up in the bronchioles
Muscles contract which constricts the airways
What does an inhaler do?
Expands the bronchioles which relax the muscles so air can go through the airways again
What risk factors can be associated with cancer?
Balanced diet
Stress
Life situation, wealth
Name four drugs
Alcohol cocaine heroin and cannabis
Alcohol?
Toxic to liver cells
Cocaine?
Heart attacks
Heroin?
Bacteria on heart and abscesses
Cannabis?
Schizophrenia
What do we test drugs for?
Efficacy, toxicity and dose
What does efficacy mean?
Does it produce the desired effects
Name the four steps in developing drugs
Pre clinical
Clinical
Double blind
Published
Explain the preclinical step of developing a drug
Tested on human cells and tissues in the lab. Can’t be used for drugs that affect whole body systems
Then it’s tested on live animals- toxicity, efficacy and dosage.
Explain the clinical stage of developing a drug
Tested on human volunteers.
- Healthy volunteers
- People with illnesses
Explain the placebo and double blind stage of developing a drug
Placebo-One group is given the drug, the other is given the placebo so the doctor can see the actual difference
double Blind- neither the patient nor doctor knows who is given the drug and who is given the placebo.
What does placebo mean?
When the patient expects the treatment to work and so feels better even though the treatment isn’t doing anything
How are monoclonal antibodies made?
A mouse is objected with a chosen antigen. The mouse produces antibodies which are made from a white blood cell called b-lymphocytes.
We fuse the b-lymphocyte with a tumour cell to create a hybridoma.
What features do tumour cells and b-lymphocytes have?
Tumour-don’t produce antibodies, but divide lots.
Lymphocytes- don’t divide easily, but produce antibodies
Describe how monoclonal antibodies treat diseases
Different cells have different antigens on their surfaces, therefore you can make mono-clonal antibodies which bind to specific cells- i.e. Cancer cells
What chemical is found in the urine when pregnant?
HCG
Explain how a pregnancy test works
The stick but where you wee has specific monoclonal antibodies stuck to it with blue beads attached. If you’re pregnant…
The hormone binds to the antibodies on the blue beads
The urine carries this up the stick
The beads and hormone bind to the antibodies on the stick
So the blue beads get stuck on to the strip
Explain what a false pregnancy test is like?
The urine still moves up the stick carrying the blue beads but there’s nothing to stick the blue beads to the test strip, as HCG isn’t present.
What’s an antigen?
A chemical which the body recognises as foreign
What’s an antibody?
Proteins which are produced by white blood cells to stick to a pathogens antigen so the white blood cell can do phagocytosis
What can monoclonal antibodies be used for
Pregnancy testing
Treating diseases
Test blood samples for certain pathogens
Measure hormone levels
