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BIOLOGY-EVIE > Topic 3-Infection and Response > Flashcards

Topic 3-Infection and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What can smoking cause?

A

Cardiovascular disease
Lung cancer
Lung disease
Walls of the arteries can get damaged and so can the cells in the lining

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2
Q

What can obesity cause?

A

Type 2 diabetes which is when a person becomes resistant to their own insulin

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3
Q

What can alcohol cause?

A

Liver disease

Brain damage

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4
Q

Explain how a tumour is formed

A

By an uncontrolled growth and division which is the result of changes that occur to the cells and result in the formation of a tumour

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5
Q

Are all tumours cancerous?

A

No

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6
Q

What does benign mean?

A

The tumour grows until there’s no more room-it stays in one place
Non-cancerous

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7
Q

What does malignant mean?

A

Grows and spreads. Cells break off and spread to the other parts of the body like the bloodstream. Invades healthy tissue.
Cancerous

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8
Q

Name five causes of cancer

A 
Smoking
Obesity
Uv exposure
Viral infection 
Genetics
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9
Q

Smoking?

A

Lung cancer

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10
Q

Obesity?

A

Bowl and kidney cancer

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11
Q

Uv exposure?

A

Skin cancer

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12
Q

Viral infection

A

Hepatitis B and C can increase the risk of developing liver cancer

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13
Q

What is health?

A

A state of mental and physical wellbeing

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14
Q

What does non-communicable mean?

A

Cannot spread between people or between animals and people

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15
Q

Give examples of noncommunicable diseases

A

Asthma
cancer
coronary heart disease

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16
Q

What can sometimes lead to an asthma attack?

A

Immune reactions caused by pathogens

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17
Q

What happens in an asthma attack?

A

Lining of the airways become inflamed
Fluids build up in the bronchioles
Muscles contract which constricts the airways

18
Q

What does an inhaler do?

A

Expands the bronchioles which relax the muscles so air can go through the airways again

19
Q

What risk factors can be associated with cancer?

A

Balanced diet
Stress
Life situation, wealth

20
Q

Name four drugs

A

Alcohol cocaine heroin and cannabis

21
Q

Alcohol?

A

Toxic to liver cells

22
Q

Cocaine?

A

Heart attacks

23
Q

Heroin?

A

Bacteria on heart and abscesses

24
Q

Cannabis?

A

Schizophrenia

25
Q

What do we test drugs for?

A

Efficacy, toxicity and dose

26
Q

What does efficacy mean?

A

Does it produce the desired effects

27
Q

Name the four steps in developing drugs

A

Pre clinical
Clinical
Double blind
Published

28
Q

Explain the preclinical step of developing a drug

A

Tested on human cells and tissues in the lab. Can’t be used for drugs that affect whole body systems

Then it’s tested on live animals- toxicity, efficacy and dosage.

29
Q

Explain the clinical stage of developing a drug

A

Tested on human volunteers.

  1. Healthy volunteers
  2. People with illnesses
30
Q

Explain the placebo and double blind stage of developing a drug

A

Placebo-One group is given the drug, the other is given the placebo so the doctor can see the actual difference
double Blind- neither the patient nor doctor knows who is given the drug and who is given the placebo.

31
Q

What does placebo mean?

A

When the patient expects the treatment to work and so feels better even though the treatment isn’t doing anything

32
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies made?

A

A mouse is objected with a chosen antigen. The mouse produces antibodies which are made from a white blood cell called b-lymphocytes.
We fuse the b-lymphocyte with a tumour cell to create a hybridoma.

33
Q

What features do tumour cells and b-lymphocytes have?

A

Tumour-don’t produce antibodies, but divide lots.

Lymphocytes- don’t divide easily, but produce antibodies

34
Q

Describe how monoclonal antibodies treat diseases

A

Different cells have different antigens on their surfaces, therefore you can make mono-clonal antibodies which bind to specific cells- i.e. Cancer cells

35
Q

What chemical is found in the urine when pregnant?

A

HCG

36
Q

Explain how a pregnancy test works

A

The stick but where you wee has specific monoclonal antibodies stuck to it with blue beads attached. If you’re pregnant…
The hormone binds to the antibodies on the blue beads
The urine carries this up the stick
The beads and hormone bind to the antibodies on the stick
So the blue beads get stuck on to the strip

37
Q

Explain what a false pregnancy test is like?

A

The urine still moves up the stick carrying the blue beads but there’s nothing to stick the blue beads to the test strip, as HCG isn’t present.

38
Q

What’s an antigen?

A

A chemical which the body recognises as foreign

39
Q

What’s an antibody?

A

Proteins which are produced by white blood cells to stick to a pathogens antigen so the white blood cell can do phagocytosis

40
Q

What can monoclonal antibodies be used for

A

Pregnancy testing
Treating diseases
Test blood samples for certain pathogens
Measure hormone levels

BIOLOGY-EVIE (8 decks)

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