Topic 3.3 Biodiversity Flashcards

not in summer exams L6

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1
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety of organisms in an ecosystem
variety of life
( short is bd )

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2
Q

How to measure biodiversity?

A
  1. species richness
  2. relative species abundance/species evenness
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3
Q

What is species richness?

A

number of species in an area

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4
Q

what is relative species abundance?

A

relative number of species in an area

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5
Q

how to use the Simpson’s diversity index (D) to measure biodiversity?

A

D= N×(N - 1) / Σn×(n - 1)
N=total num of organisms of all species in a community
n=total num of organisms of each individual species

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6
Q

What does the Simpson diversity index mean?

A

Higher index = greater diversity

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7
Q

what is a disad of diversity index?

A
  1. can only be used wen comparing 2 environments
  2. No limit so hard to comment on diversity with 1 value
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8
Q

How can ecosystems be more diverse?

A

if each species in ecosystem is genetically diverse

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9
Q

why is a larger gene pool better for the species?

A

increased variation allows greater chance of survival if selection pressure changes

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10
Q

how can a species be more genetically diverse?

A
  1. increase gene pool
  2. mutations increase gene pool, if advantageous, gene is passed on and increases population freq
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11
Q

what is the biodiversity within a habitat vs within a species?

A

within a habitat: species richness and evenness
within a species: genetic variation

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12
Q

what are the acts of agriculture on biodiversity?

A
  • destroy species habitat (reduction of hedgerows from soil erosion)
  • use of pesticides
  • monocultures grown
  • increase land used for growing crops
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13
Q

what is the result / impact of biodiversity from agriculture?

A

fewer habitats and niches
reducing stability of food chain

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14
Q

3 reasons why biodiversity is important? (3 Es)

A
  1. ecological
  2. ethical
  3. economic
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15
Q

why is it good to have rich biodiversity?

A
  • allow ecosystems to function and self-regulate
    they are interlinked on a global scale
  • cope with selective pressures
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16
Q

what is an ecosystem service?

A

service provided by natural environment that benefits people

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17
Q

what is the role of cultural ecosystem services in maintaining biodiversity?

A

important for health and wellbeing, education and tourism

18
Q

what are some ethical reasons to support biodiversity?

A
  • it is our duty, doing it for future gens
  • protect lives of animals and humans
  • maintain homes of organisms. we’ve only got 1 planet
19
Q

how does supporting ecosystem services contribute to maintaining biodiversity?

A

help promote the maintenance of the environment

20
Q

examples of human activities causing loss of biodiversity

A
  • deforestation
  • forest fires
  • non-sustainable resources used and not replaced
  • urbanisation
21
Q

what is the significance of provisioning ecosystem services in biodiversity?

A

involve products gained from ecosystems eg food from cereal plants

22
Q

how do regulating ecosystem services help maintain biodiversity?

A

regulate environment
e.g. disease control, plant trees to reduce carbon footprint

23
Q

conservation vs preservation?

A

c: actively managing and interfering
p: not interfering, keeping it exactly the same

24
Q

what are the 2 main types of conservation?

A

ex-situ
in-situ

25
Q

where does ex-situ take place?

A

outside their natural habitat

26
Q

where does in-situ take place?

A

within their natural habitat

27
Q

disad of ex-situ conservation (animals)/zoos

A
  • animals suffer stress & boredom from habitat change
  • captive breeding is expensive & long
  • hard to reintroduce species back into wild
  • too much focus on ‘attractive’ species
28
Q

what are some advantages of ex-situ conservation for animals

A
  • education about endangered animals
  • more research
  • protection from disease, predators, habitat loss
  • less inbreeding
  • money can be raised for conservation
29
Q

disadvantages of in-situ conservation?

A
  • take up land of local people
  • lots of restoration of habitat needed
  • eradication of pests
30
Q

advantages of in-situ conservation?

A
  • species have access to natural resources and breeding sites
  • conserve natural behaviour
  • less expensive
  • can protect larger breeding populations
31
Q

why are seeds important?

A
  • produces in food chain, essential for animal survival
  • medicines and fibres
  • p/s removes CO2 from atmosphere
32
Q

what are seed banks?

A

store seeds from plants that are endangered to help conserve bd
if extinct in the wild, store seeds can be used to grow new plants

33
Q

what conditions are required for seed banks?

A
  • low temp
  • keep v dry
34
Q

why must seeds be kept at low temps?

A

reduce growth of microorganisms, slow rate of decomposition

35
Q

why must seeds be kept very dry?

A

reduce metabolic processes, seeds less likely to germinate (grow)

36
Q

why do viability of seed banks need to be checked regularly?

A

to ensure highest quality + quantity

37
Q

adv of seed banks?

A
  • takes less space, more stored
  • can be stored for long periods of time
  • cheaper
  • doesn’t require as much maintenance as growing plants
  • different species can be stored tgt
38
Q

disadvs of seed banks?

A
  • testing seeds for viability can be time consuming and expensive
  • expensive to store and test regularly
  • difficult to collect exotic plant seeds
  • some don’t store well
39
Q

What are importantly procedures at seed banks? 2 marks

A

Low temp low humidity
Check viability regularly

40
Q

What are some uses of in-situ conservation?

A
  • sustainable management of resources
  • prevent spread of diseases
  • minimise pollution
  • build new habitats or restore old ones