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N Biology A Level > Topic 3 Classification And Biodiversity > Flashcards

Topic 3 Classification And Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

4 eukarya kingdoms

A

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protoctista

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2
Q

3 facts about Plantae

A
  • autotrophs
  • contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
  • cellulose cell walls
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3
Q

3 facts about Fungi

A

-saprophytic
- chitin cell wall
- reproduce by spores

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4
Q

3 facts about Animalia

A
  • heterotrophic
  • capable of whole body movement
  • no cell walls
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5
Q

What are Protoctista ?

A
  • diverse group of eukaryotes that cannot be classified as animals, plants or fungi.
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6
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Plantae
Make their own food

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7
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Animalia
They eat others for food

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8
Q

What are saprophytes?

A

Fungi
Live off dead organisms using extra cellular digestion

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9
Q

What are the Taxonomic groups?

A

D Keep Ponds Clean Or Froggies Get Sick / Daddy King Philip Came Over For Great Sex

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

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10
Q

What is the definition of a species?

A

A group of organisms with similar characteristics that interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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11
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

Male and female look very different
Have different physical features

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12
Q

What are morphological species?

A

Organisms categorised together as a species based on their physical features

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13
Q

Advantage of morphological species?

A

Easy

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14
Q

Disad of morphological species

A

Problem of sexual dimorphism

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15
Q

Limitations of species models?

A
  • Need to find evidence
    Rare to see them mating/ Expensive to setup sreeding programs
  • Seperate species can produce fertile offopring
  • mary organismes dont reproduce sexually
  • fossil organism, cannot reproduce but need to be classified
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16
Q

What is a phylogeny

A

Study of evolutionary relationships
Closeness of relationship between organisms which create an evolutionary tree

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17
Q

What is the redefined species definition? Based on …

A
  • structural and biochemical resemblance
  • capability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
  • they do NOT interbreed w other species
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18
Q

What are the 3 domains

A
  • bacteria
  • eukaryotes
  • archaea
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19
Q

How are scientific ideas evaluated? (3 mark)

A
  • peer reviewed by other scientists
  • scientific findings published
  • idea presented at scientific conference
    (- repeat experiments to validate results)
    (- sharing on the media, internet)
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20
Q

What are the biochemical differences between domains?

A

Cell wall compositions
(e.g. peptidoglycan in bacteria)

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21
Q

What are the evidence for the three domains?

A

RNA sequence and sensitivity to antibiotics

22
Q

What is the main limitation of biological species concept?

A

inapplicable to: (1) fossil species; (2) organisms reproducing asexually

23
Q

How to classify organism groups of species? 3 steps

A
  1. Evolutionary relationships between organisms and their ancestors
  2. Classifying species into groups using their shared features derived from ancestors
  3. Arranging groups into a hierarchy
24
Q

What is the definition of evolution?

A

Organisms with different genotypes lead to different phenotypes within a specific environment.
Advantage adaptations best suited to the environment will be passed onto the next generation (alleles)

25
Q

What are sources of genetic variation?

A

Random fertilisation
Crossing over
Independent assortment
Mutations

26
Q

How does natural selection give rise to adaptations?

A

Genetic variation between species due to mutations (and other reasons), selection pressure favours certain alleles. Those with beneficial alleles survive and reproduce, passing on beneficial alleles to offspring and over generations lead to adaptation.

27
Q

What is the definition of niches? 2 marks

A

Role of an organism (1)
In its habitat / ecosystem (1)
Eg Where a species lives, what it eats, its predators, and how it interacts with non-living surroundings

28
Q

What are 3 adaptations for developing a good niche?

A

Anatomical
Physiological
Behavioural

29
Q

What are anatomical adaptations?

A

Adaptations involving actual structure and form of an organism

30
Q

What are physiological adaptations?

A

Adaptations that involves how the organism works eg biochemical pathways, enzymes and metabolisms

31
Q

What are behavioural adaptations?

A

Specific types of behaviour that make organisms better adapted to their surroundings and more likely to survive

32
Q

What is allopatric speciation

A

When two populations (plants or animals) are totally separated from each other by a geographical barrier (eg river, mountain) , preventing interbreeding
Geographical isolation

33
Q

What is the definition of speciation?

A

Process where one species may evolve from another often due to isolation

34
Q

How does speciation happen?

A

Change of conditions, adaptations may not be advantageous
There is a different selection pressure
Natural selection continue and lead to formation of new species

35
Q

What is the sympatric speciation? (2 marks)

A
  • Formation of one new species
  • while both still living in the same location
    (mixing freely but become reproductively isolated)
    (Due mechanical, ecological, behavioural or temporal isolation)
36
Q

What are 4 things that lead to sympatric speciation?

A
  • ecological isolation (eg half lives in water and on land)
  • temporal (when 2 populations mate at different times of the year)
  • mechanical isolation (physically can’t reproduce)
  • behavioural (
37
Q

what is the biggest group of pathogen?

A

bacteria

38
Q

Who discovered the first antibiotic penicilin?

A

Alexander Flemming

39
Q

What are Gram positive bacteria?

A

Thick peptidoglycan walls
stains purple with crystal violet
susceptible to antibiotics
PPP: Positive Purple Peptidoglycan

40
Q

what are gram negative bacteria?

A

thin peptidoglycan wall with additional lipid layer
prevents staining
impermeable to antibiotics

41
Q

How did bacteria gain resistance to antibiotics?

A

1% of bacteria mutate
most bacteria die under antibiotics except mutated ones, advantageous so keep producing
it multiplies via mitosis
eventually the whole population is resistant

42
Q

What are issues with antibiotics?

A
  • they are too widely prescribed
  • ## people dont complete courses of antibiotics
43
Q

How to tackle issues with antibiotics?

A
  • reduce use
  • better education
44
Q

How do scientists classify species?

A
  • ecological
  • mate recognition
  • evolutionary species
  • genetic species
45
Q

what are evidence for the 3 domains?

A
  • different nucleotide and RNA sequence
  • cell membrane lipid structure
  • cells walls not of peptidoglycan
46
Q

how can organisms be classified into taxonomic groups? 2 marks

A
  • organisms share similar characteristics placed in a group
  • molecular phylogeny
  • dna profiling
47
Q

How can scientists classify an organism as a new species? 4 mark

A
  • compare physical characteristics
  • observe behaviour
  • molecular phylogeny (Use DNA sequencing / biochemistry)
  • unable to breed with or their species and produce fertile offspring
48
Q

Why is it difficult to classify a newly discovered organism as a separate species? 2 marks

A
  • some species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
  • species are evolving overtime
  • there is variation within the species
49
Q

Why can flies develop resistance so quickly?

A

They have short life cycle
Flies produce lots of offspring

50
Q

Explain the evidence that led to three-domain system, replacing five kingdom classification. 3 marks

A
  • molecular phylogeny
  • able to identify similarities and differences between bacteria and archaea
  • eg membrane structure, proteins etc

N Biology A Level (18 decks)

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