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N Biology A Level > Topic 5 (Respiration) > Flashcards

Topic 5 (Respiration) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of oxidation?

A

loss of e-s or H2

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2
Q

What is the definition of reduction?

A

gain of e-s or H2

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3
Q

What is cristae?

A

fold of inner membrane in mitochondria

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4
Q

Draw a labelled diagram of mitochondria (should include 7 labels)

A
  • cristae
  • matrix
  • inner membrane
  • outer membrane
  • intermembrane space
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondrial DNA
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5
Q

What are the 4 main stages of aerobic respiration?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. Link reaction
  3. Kreb’s cycle
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation
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6
Q

What does Pi stand for?

A

Inorganic phosphate

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7
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

lysis of glucose

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8
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm

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9
Q

what are the products of glycolysis?

A

2x Pyruvate (3C) molecules
Net gain 2 ATP
2 reduced NAD

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10
Q

Why is the net gain of 2 ATP in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP used in phosphorylation
4 ATP made in oxidation/dephosphorolation

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11
Q

What are the steps of glycolysis?

A

Glucose (6C) → 2x Glycerate-3-phosphate
while 2 ATP → 2 (ADP +Pi)
Glycerate-3-phosphate → 2x pyruvate (3C)
while 4 (ADP+Pi) → 4ATP
and 2NAD + e- + H+ → Reduced NAD

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12
Q

What is used for link reaction?

A

Pyruvate (+ coenzyme A)

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13
Q

What is the product of link reaction?

A

Acetyl-CoA

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14
Q

How many ATPs are made in total using one glucose in respiration?

A

38

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15
Q

Draw glycolysis

A
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16
Q

Draw link reaction

A
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17
Q

Draw krebs cycle

A
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18
Q

Draw oxidative phosphorylation

A
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19
Q

What is the whole point of respiration

A

Produce as much energy possible in the form of ATP

20
Q

Breaking
ATP ->
ADP ->
using…

A

ATP -> ADP + Pi
(Di-phosphate)
ADP -> AMP + Pi
(Mono phosphate)
Hydrolyse using water, via hydrolysis
Aka dephosphorylation

21
Q

What are 2 ways of ATP production

A
  1. Substrate level phosphorylation
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation
22
Q

4 steps of aerobic respiration and where they occur

A
  1. Glycolysis - cytoplasm
  2. Link reaction - matrix
  3. Krebs cycle - matrix
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation - inner membrane
23
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Simply
ADP + Pi -> ATP

24
Q

How many ATPs do oxidation and substrate level phosphorylation make?

A

34
4
Respectively
so total 38 in aerobic respiration

25
Q

Oxygen acts as… in respiration

A

FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR

26
Q

What’s the word when a CO2 is released when making a 5C compound from 6C?

A

Decarboxylation

27
Q

For each glucose, link reaction and kerbs cycle happens how many times?

A

Twice

28
Q

What are the net products per glucose in anaerobic respiration?

A

2 red FAD
6 red NAD
4 CO2
2 ATP

29
Q

What are the net products in link reaction per glucose?

A

2 red NAD
2 CO2
as 2x link reaction per glucose

30
Q

What would happen if e- carrier is inhibited (e.g. consuming cyanide)?

A

Red CoA cannot be reoxidised
So red NAD cannot become NAD
ETC cannot function
Cells cannot respire aerobically
So can only respire anaerobically but cannot be sustained for too long
Hence fatal

31
Q

How many ATP are made in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

34

32
Q

Describe oxidative phosphorylation in great detail

A

Takes place in inner membrane
Red NAD and red FAD oxidised into FAD, NAD + H+ + e-
H+ ions are actively transported from matrix to inter membrane space
e- carriers are reduced by accepting e-s and passing down the e- transport chain
H+ undergo chemiosmosis, thru ATP synthase, via facilitated diffusion down the electrochemical gradient
O2 IS THE FINAL E- ACCEPTOR

33
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration happen?

A

Lack of O2
As O2 is a final e- acceptor
E-s cannot be accepted into e- transport chain
So red NAD & FAD cannot be reoxidised
So link and Krebs cannot happen

34
Q

How many ATPs are made in anaerobic respiration?

A

2
From glycolysis only
Better than 0!

35
Q

What happens to pyruvates in anaerobic respiration?

A

Pyruvate -> lactate
While red NAD (oxidises into) -> NAD (reused in glycolysis)
Enzyme involved: lactate dehydrogenase

36
Q

Why can’t humans use anaerobic respiration forever?

A

Lactic acids produced
Acids = lots of H+
Denatures enzymes
As R group bonds in tertiary structure breaks
( H bonds, disulphide, ionic, hydrophobic/philic)
So enzymes don’t work as well
So less effective glycolysis
Causing fatigue

37
Q

When oxygen debt is paid , lactate can be..

A

Converted back to pyruvate to enter link reaction for respiration again

38
Q

How do plants anaerobically respire?

A

Pyruvate -> ethanal -> ethanol
\CO2. red NAD /\NAD
Decarboxylation. Oxidation of red NAD
enzyme used: pyruvate Decarboxylate

39
Q

Describe what happens to oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain. (2 marks) (in respiration)

A

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor
Forms water

40
Q

Describe how glucose is converted to pyruvate in glycolysis. (3 marks)

A

(- draw it out!)
- glucose is phosphorylated using ATP
- product is converted into glycerate-3-phosphate
- GP converted to pyruvate producing red NAD and ATP

41
Q

Detergents dissolve lipids.
Explain how detergents inhibit the functioning of electron carriers in chloroplasts. (3 marks)

A
  • e- carrier components are on chloroplast membranes
  • detergents distrupt phospholipid bilayer
  • so electrons can no longer move along chain
42
Q

Some cancer cells depend on oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production.
Explain why the antibiotics that inhibit the production of ribosomes prevent oxphos when used to treat cancer cells. (2 marks)

A
  • ribosomes prevented from synthesising enzymes/ATP synthase
  • so protein not made
    (nothing to do with cells)
43
Q

Waterlogged soil lacks oxygen.
Explain why a lack of oxygen in waterlogged soil could reduce the growth of a plant. (4 marks)

A
  • aerobic respiration inhibited
  • so ETC inhibited, except glycolysis
  • less ATP synthesis and Red NAD
  • less GP/GALP/spindle fibre contraction/protein synthesis
44
Q

how many CO2 molecules are released in anaerobic respiration?

A

ZERO

45
Q
A

N Biology A Level (18 decks)

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