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Democracies in Change - America > Topic 3.2 - Impact of New Deal and war on ethnic minorities > Flashcards

Topic 3.2 - Impact of New Deal and war on ethnic minorities Flashcards

1
Q

What did the Indian Reorganization Act do?

A

1934Recognised the culture and values of Native Americans

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2
Q

Year - Indian Reorganization Act

A

1934

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3
Q

Give an example of when Black American’s have been negatively affected by the New Deal

A

AAA - paid landlords to produce less. This meant share-croppers were often laid off

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4
Q

Who was Roosevelts ‘, First lady’?

A

Eleanor Roosevelt

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5
Q

Whose economy was positively effected by WW2?

A

Africans, Native Americans and Hispanic Americans.10% of black Americans employed in war production

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6
Q

What proportion of black Americans were employed in war production?

A

10%

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7
Q

State a significant riot in 1943

A

Detroit

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8
Q

How were Japanese American’s treated?

A

15,000 interned as enemy aliens

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9
Q

When did USA join WW2?

A

7 December 1941 - After the attack on pearl harbour

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10
Q

Why did USA join WW2?

A

The Japanese attack on pearl harbour

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11
Q

What effect did the Indian Reorganisation Act have?

A

Cultural shift away from the former policy of assimilation.Tribes reorganised into self-governing bodies that could vote to adopt constitutions and have own police and legal system.Control land sales on reservations

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12
Q

Define - assimilation

A

Minority group or culture comes to resemble a dominant group or assume the values, behaviours, and beliefs of another group.Native Americans moved away from

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13
Q

How many tribes vetoed the idea of modernising their cultures?

A

75/245

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14
Q

What agencies could Native Americans use to help their own poverty?

A

CCC and PWAPoverty was so great that this help was very limited

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15
Q

Year - Senate enquiry finding widespread poverty among Native Americans

A

1943

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16
Q

How did Native Americans contribute to WW2?

A

25,000 serving in unsegregated units (Black Americans segregated)Navajos used own language to transmit radio messages that the Japanese were unable to translate.

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17
Q

What effect did NRA codes have on Black Americans?

A

Allowing them to be paid less for the same job as white people.

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18
Q

What did many Black Americans call the NRA?

A

Negro-run-aroundSo unfair on them - lower wages

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19
Q

What was introduced in Congress in the years 1934 - 1937?What was Roosevelt’s response to this?

A

Antilynching billsDid not support either and both were eventually defeated.

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20
Q

What proportion of black Americans in the south could vote?

A

less than 5%

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21
Q

Traditionally, who would Black Americans vote for?

A

Republican They fought in the Civil War to end slavery.

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22
Q

In 1932 how many Black American Wards in Large cities voted for Roosevelt?How did this change?

A

1932 - 4/15 in 9 large cities1936 - 9/151940 - 15/15

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23
Q

What proportion of voters voted Roosevelt in Harlem?

A

85%

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24
Q

What did the Gallup poll in 1936 show?

A

Nationally 76% of Black Americans intended to vote for Roosevelt.

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25
Q

By 1936 how many Black American Delegates were there in the Democratic Convention?

A

30

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26
Q

Who was the first black-American Congressman?

A

Arthur Mitchell

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27
Q

Who was Harold Ickes and what did he do?

A

Secretary of the Interior Saw that Marion Anderson was refused permission to sing to an integrated audience.She organised a concert in front of 75,000 including Mrs Roosevelt.

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28
Q

What event lead to the passing of the Executive Order 8802?

A

Phillip Randolph threated march on Washington in 1941.Protesting racism in defence factories.

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29
Q

What did the Executive Order 8802 do?

A

Outlawed discrimination in the defence industry and setting up a Fair Employment Practices Committee to investigate and prevent such behaviour.

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30
Q

What was the FEPC?

A

Fair Employment Practices Committeeinvestigate and prevent discrimination in the defence industry

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31
Q

What happened to black employment in the civil service between 1932 and 1941?

A

Tripled to 150,000

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32
Q

Who was a notable black American in gov?

A

Mary McLead BethuneAt NYA - National Youth Administration

33
Q

In 1941 how many black American’s were there in the armed forces?

A

Only 4,000and 12 officers

34
Q

What forced a change in the refusal of black Americans being recruited into war?

A

Pressure from NAACPRoosevelt pledged black Americans would be recruited according to their percentage of the population

35
Q

What proportion of America was Black?

A

10.6%

36
Q

By 1945 how many Black American soldiers were there?

A

1.2 million

37
Q

What did the Selective Service Training Act state?

A

1940 No one should safe discrimination when applying for training.

38
Q

What jobs did many Black American soldiers have in WW2?

A

Building installations and ferrying supplies. Eg. Red Bull Express trucks took half a million tons of supplied and equipment to the advancing First and Third armies in France after D-Day.

39
Q

How many Black Americans landed on D-Day?

A

17,000

40
Q

Who was the secretary of war in WW2?

A

Henry Stimson

41
Q

How did Henry Stimson treat Black Americans during WW2?

A

Maintained strict segregation in the armed forces.Arguing it was essential to give priority to winning the war.

42
Q

How many wartime ships were integrated?

A

25

43
Q

Give an example of an area of USA where Black Americans were offered only unskilled jobs

A

Akron, OhioCentre of rubber-producing plants

44
Q

What did Black Americans do to show grievances in 1941?

A

250,000 strong March on Washington

45
Q

What did Roosevelt do to stop the 1941 Black American march on Washington?

A

Issued Executive Order 880225 June 1941Ban discrimination in defence plants and set up the FEPC to ensure it was carried out.

46
Q

What happened as a result of the 1941 Executive Order 8802?

A

The workforce in defence plants rose 4%

47
Q

How did the FEPC develop over time?

A

The budget increased to half a million dollars and took on full-time as opposed to part-time employees.

48
Q

When was the ‘double V’ campaign started and who started it?

A

February 1942Philadelphia Courier

49
Q

What was the ‘double V’ campaign?

A

Featuring patriotic articles for the sale of war bonds. A weekly ‘double V girl’ showed V of victory salute and celebrity endorsement gave a reminder that civil rights were long overdue.

50
Q

What proportion of votes in the 1942 Courier survey stated that civil rights should not be delayed until the end of the war?

A

88%

51
Q

What event in Europe helped civil rights in America?

A

Holocaust Showed the extremes to which racism could be taken.

52
Q

How did a restaurant in Kansas affect civil rights?

A

In Salina, Kansas served German prisoners of war but turned away black Americans.

53
Q

Year - Campaign for Racial Equality

A

1942

54
Q

What did the Campaign for Racial Equality aim at doing?

A

Encouraging peaceful protests against segregated facilities.

55
Q

Give an account of the 1943 Detroit riot

A

Series of race riots in 47 Cities.3 days of violence in Detroit June 1943.25 black Americans and 9 White Americans killedOver weather one housing development should be for white or black families.

56
Q

Give an account of the 1943 Harlem riot

A

AugustLeaving 6 dead600 arrestedOver the shooting of Black American who tried to prevent the arrest of a women by a white officer.2 days, 3,000 attackers.250,000 - 500,000 damaged and 1,485 vstores brokenn into and looted.

57
Q

In the Detroit riot, what percentage of injured were Black Americans?

A

85% of 8,000 arrested.

58
Q

Where did the majority of the Hispanic population live?

A

Southwest in agriculture

59
Q

In Texas, what proportion of Hispanic children were educated in segregated schools? What was a large problem with this?

A

90%Most teachers could not speak Spanish.

60
Q

During the depression how many Hispanic Americans were deported to Mexico?

A

400,000

61
Q

What happened to Hispanic Populations during the depression?

A

Population in Texas fell 1/3 Population in Migratory Labour Force in California fell 10%]Many states banned them from public works schemes

62
Q

How many Hispanic Americans fought in WW2?

A

500,000

63
Q

By 1944, How many Hispanic Americans had found employment in Los Angeles shipyards?

A

17,000In 1941 there was 0Has equal chances in employment as other ethnic groups.

64
Q

Where in the USA was there bad discrimination against Hispanic American’s during WW2?

A

Oil companies in HoustonCopper companies in ArizonaThey denied training and promotion

65
Q

How did the state department try to change Hispanic discrimination?

A

They vetoed the proposed of a public inquiry that would discredit the USA in Mexico and afforded good publicity for Axis Agents.They knew discrimination was rife do there was no need to publicise it.Roosevelt agreed and told FEPC to halt investigations.

66
Q

What was Wartime life like for Hispanic women?

A

Usually working for the family for seasonal work in agriculture.Higher wages in war industries made more independent.Caused tension as women had lower status and less freedom than men.If they were bilingual there was also high demand in cryptology and communications.

67
Q

Why did young Hispanic Americans face prejudice?

A

In California and Los AngelesAssociated with gangs and violence.Wearing ‘zoot suits’ seen as a uniform for lawless and immorality.

68
Q

State an example of Hispanic Americans being attacked

A

June 1943Sailors in Chavez Ravine naval base committed random and widespread attacks.In revenge for perceived Hispanic-American violence against soilers.Authorities turned a blind eye.

69
Q

What was the name given to the type of discrimination Japanese Americans endured?

A

Mass Internment

70
Q

In 1941 how many Japanese Americans were labelled subversives?

A

2,000

71
Q

Who was a significant chief of the Army West Coast Command? What was his opinion of the mass internment faced by Japanese Americans?

A

General John L. DewittSaid it was ‘damned nonsense’Set up 10 ‘relocation centres’ sending 100,000 there, Thye had to leave property unprotected of which were often Looted.$400 million loss in community.

72
Q

Between Feb and March 1942, how many Japanese American left Dewitts area of command?

A

15,000

73
Q

What did Attorney General of Idaho say about minority groups?

A

His state was for whites only

74
Q

How much did Japanese communities loss due to Dewitt?

A

$400 million

75
Q

How many Japanese Americans did Dewitt send away?

A

Set up 10 ‘relocation centres’ forcibly sending 100,000.

76
Q

What were ‘relocation centres’ like for Japanese Americans?

A

Akin to prisons with armed guards and barrack-type accommodation.Riots in Manzanar left 2 inmates dead.Guards said it was the only thing to stop him machine-gunning all of them was his fear of what they would do in retaliation.

77
Q

What action took place in 1944 that helped Japanese Americans?

A

December 1944 - Supreme court forbade the internment of loyal Japanese Americans.

78
Q

What was internment like in Hawaii?

A

This is where the Pearl Harbour attack happened.There was no internment.

79
Q

When did Japanese internees get compensation?

A

1988

Democracies in Change - America (16 decks)

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