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Democracies in Change - America > Topic 1.3 - Changes in Society > Flashcards

Topic 1.3 - Changes in Society Flashcards

1
Q

What proportion of Americans were living in towns?

A

54 million out of 106 million

1920-30 - 100,000 to cities - increased by a 1/3

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2
Q

Give reasons for a population growth in America

A
  • Immigration
  • More children as they have a more stable economy
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3
Q

What is a WASP?

A

White Anglo Saxon Protestant

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4
Q

Where was the main place for visa’s and passports for immigrants in America?

A

Ellis Island

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5
Q

How was immigration a part of America?

A
  • The heart of how society came about
  • People created a Hierarchy of the ‘best’ type of migrant
  • From who would change their way of being the most
  • Black American would change all ways of being
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6
Q

What were two immigration laws put into place in the 1920s?

A

1924 - Johnson Reed immigration act

1921 - Emergency immigration law

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7
Q

Explain the Johnson-Reed immigration act

A

1924

  • Limits immigration to 150,000 per year
  • Ban migration from Japan (They had previously banned China and Korea)
  • This did not apply to Mexicans whom Californian farmers traditionally used as a supply of cheap labour at harvest time.
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8
Q

Explain the Emergency Immigration Law

A
  • Capped the amount of people from each area
  • 3% of specific migrant population from 1911
  • This favoured WASPs
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9
Q

What did Francis Dalton do?

A
  • Believed in superior race
  • Experiments to prove white is superior
  • Ranking people 1-10 to see most attractive
  • more attractive = more reproduction
  • So should keep superior and inferior races apart
  • This lead to the immigration policy and contraception (birth control).
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10
Q

What did Madison Grant argue?

A

A mixing of the races would taint the superior one.

The idea led to irrational fears and racist actions.

  • Wrote The passing of the white race - 1916
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11
Q

What Eugenics promote?

A

inequality of races

Too many inferiors threatens the position of superior.

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12
Q

What was the effect of high inflation after WW1?

A
  • Industrial unrest
  • Food prices have doubled since 1913
  • 1919 - 4 million workers went on strike which was 1/5 of the labour force
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13
Q

Why were Americans scared of the strikes?

A

strikers were led by communists who sought revolution in the USA as had happened in Russia in 1917

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14
Q

State two places there were strikes

A
  • Seattle was brought to a halt
  • Boston the police were striking
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15
Q

Give an example of a high-profile assassination attempt

A

John D. Rockefeller

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16
Q

How many arrests were there in early 1920 following the red scare?

A

6,000§

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17
Q

What was the name given to arrests during the red scare?

A

Palmer Raids

  • Palmer was a target for assassination
  • Popular through his exposure of ‘communist activity’ in the USA
  • Res scare died after Palmer said there was to be a communist demonstration in New York on 20 May 1920 which never materialised.
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18
Q

Which two men were set as an example of the Palmer raids?

A

Sacco and Vanzetti

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19
Q

Explain the Sacco and Vanzetti case

A
  • Made an example during Palmer Raids.
  • Two Italian immigrants, neither spoke English
  • Arrested for armed robbery near Boston in May 1920 as they were found near and a crime scene carrying guns (this was very common during the time)
  • There was little concrete evidence but they were found guilty and executed in 1927 after years of legal appeals
  • Example that non Americans could not adopt the American way of life
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20
Q

Explain the Ku Klux Klan

A
  • Racism worse in small towns and rural areas
  • Against all non-white groups
  • An organisation that promotes white supremacy
  • It gained considerable support in the Mid-West as well as the south
  • 100,000 followers by 1921
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21
Q

What gave the members of the KKK feel a sense of importance, belonging and power?

A
  • Secretive language
  • Hoods and robes
  • Burning crosses
  • Violence
  • It added purpose and glamour to the humdrum lives of farmers, artisans and shopkeepers
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22
Q

State why the KKK collapsed in power

A
  • Increased evidence of corruption and exploitation
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23
Q

Explain why the KKK increased due to evidence of corruption and explotation

A
  • leaders were professional fundraisers
  • controlled the merchandising members were forced to buy
  • The downfall of David Stevenson (Leader of KKK in Indiana)
  • Revelations of financial mismanagement in Pennsylvania
  • Owning The Searchlight Publishing Company
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24
Q

Where did profits go in the KKK?

A

Fuelled extravagant lifestyles for the leaders.

By late 1920s members started to realise they were being exploited

Robe prices:

  • Manufactured - $3.28
  • Sold - $6.50
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25
Q

How did David Stevenson effect the KKK’s popularity?

A
  • Leader of the KKK in Indiana
  • A charismatic figure who had built the organisation into a powerful political machine in his state
  • He rapes his secretary who then committed suicide
  • Sentenced to second degree murder
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26
Q

How much had KKK memberships fallen to my 1929?

A

200,000

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27
Q

State two types of new dances in America during the 1920

A
  • The Charleston
  • The Black Bottom
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28
Q

How could you recognise a flapper girl?

A
  • Wore short skirts
  • Smoke in public
  • were frequently in speakeasies
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29
Q

Give an example of a high profile scandal in the 1920s

A

‘Fatty’ Arbuckle

  • Career was destroyed as a popular comedy star.
  • He was accused of a sexual attack in which his victim died
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30
Q

What did the movie industry agree to in 1922?

A

Self-Censorship

  • Led by Will Hays
  • Examined every movie made in Hollywood for immoral content and also attempted to promote clean living among movie stars
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31
Q

What did the 18th amendment do?

A

Banned the sale, transportation and manufacture of intoxicating liquor in the USA. (Above 0.5%v)

1918

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32
Q

Give examples of supporting groups of the prohibition

A
  • Women’s groups - saw alcohol as a means by which men oppressed them
  • Big business’ - drunkenness as leading to danger and inefficiency in the workplace
  • Religious people - alcohol was the work of the devil
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33
Q

Generally who were the supporters of the prohibition?

A
  • Protestant
  • Lived in small town
  • In the south and west
  • Except in the South
  • Voted Republican
34
Q

What was the sheppard towner act?

A

1922

  • Federal funding to maternity and childcare services.
  • Not fully supported as some believed it reinforced the view that women were only meant to have children and give birth.
35
Q

When were prohibition laws repealed in USA?

A

December 1933

36
Q

Year - The federal highways act

A

1921

37
Q

Year - Agricultural credits act

A

1923

38
Q

Year - Fordney McCumber act

A

1922

39
Q

Year - The Johnson reed immigration act

A

1924

40
Q

By 1917 how many states had already passed Prohibition law?

A

27 Dry States

41
Q

State the two factors that led to an increased popularity of Prohibition.

A
  • The impact of war
  • Disorganisation of the opposition
42
Q

What was the lever act?

A

1917

  • Banned the use of grain in the manufacture of alcoholic drinks
43
Q

Give three examples of the largest brewers of German Origin

A
  • Ruppert
  • Pabst
  • Leiber
44
Q

What did German Breweries help to finance?

A

National German-American Alliance

  • This had supported German interests before the war.
45
Q

Give three examples of the unorganisation of the opposition to the prohibition

A
  • New York City - March and rally
  • Baltimore - Parade
  • Resolution against taking away the working man’s beer by the American federation of Labor.
46
Q

What did the Anti-saloon League estimate?

A

Estimated a $5 million budget would be enough to enforce the prohibition successfully.

47
Q

How much was Prohibition Commissioner Kramer given?

A

$2 million

48
Q

State the 7 reasons why prohibition was impossible to enforce

A
  1. Geographical difficulties - 18,700 miles coastline and boarders
  2. Bootleggers
  3. Industrial alcohol
  4. Problems for Treasury agents
  5. Divisions among supporters
  6. Role of government
  7. Popularity of speakeasies
49
Q

Why were the waters outside the national limits of the USA called the rum row?

A
  • Smugglers were so successful
  • 1925 the officer in charge of Prohibition enforcement guessed that agents only intercepted about 5% of alcohol coming into the country illegally.
50
Q

How much worth of alcohol was seized in 1924?

A

$40 million

  • Compared to estimated $800 million sold
51
Q

What did George Remus do?

A

king of bootleggers

  • Bought various breweries on the eve of prohibition for the manufacture of medicinal alcohol.
  • Arranged for an army of 3,000 gangsters to hijack his products and divert them to the illegal stills of the big city.
  • Made $5 million in 5 years
52
Q

What is industrial alcohol?

A

This is often solvents used in cleaning.

It is easily diverted and redistilled to turn into an alcoholic drink.

  • Popularly called moonshine
53
Q

Why was moonshine very dangerous?

A
  • No quality control
  • Exotic cocktails were often added to take away unpleasant smells and tastes of materials intended for industrial manufacture.
  • 34 died in NYC after drinking wood alcohol. - made of wood spirit or methanol.
54
Q

How many treasury agents were employed to enforce prohibition?

A

3,000

  • Salary $2,500
55
Q

How much was a treasure agent paid and to do what?

How did this compare to their salary?

A

$7 million

Selling illegal licences and pardons to bootleggers.

  • Compared to salary of $2,500
56
Q

Explain the disadvantages of the dry lobby

A
  • Ill-equipped to help enforce it
  • Anti-Saloon League was divided - some members sought stricter enforcement laws. - Others want education programmes to deter people from drinking in the first place.
57
Q

Why did congress not do much to enforce the prohibition?

A

It did not want to alienate rich and influential voters who enjoyed a drink.

This was also a period of a reduced role by federal government

58
Q

Explain a change in the mood of the nation in the 1920s (prohibition)

A

They wanted to have a good life.

Illegal drinking in ganster-run speakeasies became popular with many fashionable city dwellers.

59
Q

Date - 18th amandment

A

1918

60
Q

Who ran most of the illegal alcohol business in Chicago?

A

John Torrio

  • Retired in 1925 with $30 million.
61
Q

Who was the most notorious gangster in America?

A

Al Capone

  • Succeeded John Torrios
62
Q

What did Al Capone do?

A
  • embodying spirit of free competition and enterprise in the USA.
  • Went to jail for tax evasion.
  • Gang made $70 million worth of business.
  • 700 in gang committing 300 murders
  • 14 Feb 1929 - 5 dressed as policemen arresting rivals ‘Bugs Moran’ and shot over 100 bullets into them. Known as ‘St Valentine’s Day Massacre’
63
Q

How many gangland murders were there 1927-30 in Chicago?

A

227

  • Only 2 killers convicted.
64
Q

How much did alcohol consumption fall by before 1917 to after the 1930s?

A

1917 - 2.6 gallons per year per person

1930 - 1 gallon per person per year

65
Q

What positives did the prohibition have ?

A
  • Fewer drink driving accidents
  • Safer roads
  • Fewer accidents in the workplace
66
Q

What did President Hoover do with the prohibition?

A

Set up the Wickersham Commission in May 1929

  • This investigated the effectiveness of Prohibition.
  • 14 Volumes after 19 months said the law could not be enforced.
  • Estimated to take 60% of entire law enforcement budget
67
Q

Which President abolished Prohibition?

A

Roosevelt in 1933

68
Q

What did the 20th Amendment do?

A

Made it the responsibility of individual states to decide on the issue of alcohol.

Example of the federal government cutting its own power.

69
Q

By 1917 how many states had banned alcohol?

A

27

70
Q

When could women vote in America?

A

1920

71
Q

What effect did the 1920 19th amendment have for women?

A
  • Right to vote in federal elections
  • But this did not make much difference to the lives of many women.
  • Seemed more assertive and liberated their opportunities in society remained limited.
72
Q

What did the Sheppard-Towner Act do?

A

1921

  • Funded healthcare for pregnant women
  • gave women some control over the clinics it set up.
73
Q

What did some women fear about the Sheppard-Towner Act?

A
  • Feared it would simply reinforced the stereotypical view of women’s main role as having lots of children
  • Drew attention away from the need for birth control.
  • Similarly attacked legislation that women were banned from working a night shift.
74
Q

Who set up the Women’s party?

A

Former Suffragist Alice Paul

75
Q

What proportion of women said they would like a job but would give it up for marriage?

A

1929 - 89%

76
Q

What proportion of women from the Vassar Women’s college felt unprepared for work in 1929?

A

90%

77
Q

Give an example of a women’s only college

A

Vassar Women’s college

78
Q

How many women were killed by back-street abortions per year?

A

50,000

79
Q

What did the Comstock act do?

A

1873

  • Banned the distribution of both written articles of contraception and items through the US mail
80
Q

When and why was Margaret Sanger arrested?

A

1916

For opening the first Contraception clinic in the USA

81
Q

When was the Birth Control League founded?

A

1921

  • Margret Sanger

Democracies in Change - America (16 decks)

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