topic 3 - types of deviant subcultures

Question 1

define delinquent subcultures

Answer 1

deviant norms and values, involve non-utilitarian and petty crimes

Question 2

delinquent, cohen 3

Answer 2

1. ‘delinquent boys’
2. purpose of delinquent subcultures is to provide working class boys an escape from status frustration they experience in society
3. norms and values allow members to gain recognition and prestige they cant gain elsewhere due to social position

Question 3

delinquent, miller 2

Answer 3

1. working class boys participate in delinquent subcultures bc their part of wider lower class subculture
2. wider lower class subculture os based on ‘focal concerns’ = toughness, smartness, excitement, fate, trouble

Question 4

delinquent, jackson 2

Answer 4

1. ‘ladettes’ = girls who took on traditional masculine traits - drinking,smoking, not working hard in school
2. delinquent as they broke the norms and values for society as well as for their gender

Question 5

define criminal subcultures

Answer 5

engage in utilitarian criminal activity such as theft and operate in a hierarchal structure

Question 6

criminal subcultures, cloward and ohlin 4

Answer 6

1. alternative career route to legitimate job market
2. ‘illegitimate opportunity structure’ available for working class boys, one option is to join a criminal subculture
3. develop in more stable working class areas where there’s an established pattern of crime
4. learning opportunity and career structure for young criminals

Question 7

criminal subcultures, venkatesh 3

Answer 7

1. criminal subcultures provide financial rewards for members
2. in chicago there existed a criminal opportunity structure organised around dealing crack cocaine
3. researched ‘black kings’ operated similar ways to conventional businesses, opportunities to move up the hierarchy within the gang to gain more financial profit

Question 8

criminal subcultures, densley 4

Answer 8

1. new types of criminal sub-cultures emerging
2. due to globalisation, there has been an expansion of drug networks and the groups operate on a ‘global’ scale
3. boundaries between street gangs and organised crime has now become blurred
4. criminal groups ate expanding to county lines due to high levels of competition within inner city drug market

Question 9

define spectacular subcultures

Answer 9

highly visible and flamboyant subcultures, appeared in 1950s-1970s UK

Question 10

spectacular subcultures, hall and jefferson 4

Answer 10

1. spectacular subcultures as symbolic attempts to resist power of bourgeoisie hegemony by consciously adopting behaviour that appears threatening to the establishment
2. punk culture represented their sub-cultural views as left-wing anarchists, opposed authority and corporate control
3. wide range of punk fashion, includes deliberately offensive T-shirts, dr marten boots, brightly coloured spiked mohawks, tattoos and piercings
4. music bands like sex pistols

Question 11

spectacular subcultures, clarke 3

Answer 11

1. ‘skinheads’ represented attempt to ‘magically recover the working class community’
2. economic situation was worsening for this group and their culture was being eroded, so they created a new culture based on masculinity, territory and ‘us vs them’ attitude
3. violent, highly racist and involved in football hooliganism

Question 12

spectacular subcultures, stanley cohen 4

Answer 12

1. clash between 2 spectacular subcultures - mods and rockers
2. mods = stylish, smart clothes, jazz music and scooters
3. rockers = wore leather and chains, listened to heavy rock music and rode motorbikes
4. media portrayed these groups as ‘folk devils’ - created a moral panic in society about youth subcultures

Question 13

define anti-school subcultures 2

Answer 13

1. groups of students who rebel against the school
2. develop alternative set of delinquent values and attitudes opposing academic aims of a school

Question 14

anti-school subcultures, willis 5

Answer 14

1. ‘lads’ = working class male pupils who subverted school values
2. frowned upon academic success and rewarded in groups by breaking school rules
3. opposed the ‘ear-oles’ = conformed to skl rules
4. boys created norms and values bc they could see through the ‘myth of meritocracy’ and knew capitalism was against them
5. their underachievement still led them into manual, working class jobs

Question 15

anti-school subcultures, hargreaves 2

Answer 15

1. related the emergence of pupil subcultures to the processes of labelling within schools
2. students treated diff by teachers due to class, gender or ethnicity experienced SFP

Question 16

anti-school subcultures, Lacey 3

Answer 16

1. streaming led to formation of anti-school subcultures
2. when students were placed in lower streams, they felt demotivated as though they had been branded failures
3. as a result, their attitudes towards education became increasing polarised to those in higher streams making pro-school subcultures

Question 17

define a gang 2

Answer 17

1. group of individuals who identify as a collective
2. usually in rivalry with other gangs over territory, status and drug lines

Question 18

gangs, decker 3

Answer 18

1. for gangs to fully flourish, they need to develop a reputation for violence
2. need to be seen as more threatening than other gangs to maintain their territory and control
3. sense of esteem and group identity is far more significant for gang members than monetary gain

Question 19

gangs, klein 3

Answer 19

1. ‘vice queens’ closely associated with ‘vice kings’
2. female gang was highly involved in criminal and violent behaviour
3. argued that its likely that more vulnerable women turn to gang affiliation as a means of adaptation to circumstances of racism, poverty and gender based violence

Question 20

gangs, densley 4

Answer 20

1. gangs are becoming more organised in their structure and criminal activity
2. evolve from adolescent peer groups and evolve into drug-distribution enterprises
3. argues that in the evolution of gangs, violence is first expressive than instrumental
4. hierarchal structure involves an older ‘inner circle’, then younger adults as middle level organisers and young teens do the drug running

Question 21

evaluation, maffesoli 2

Answer 21

1. ‘neo-tribes’ = these tribes arent organised along traditional social lines, such as social class or gender
2. post-modernists argue that these more relaxed, fragmented groups have replaced traditional youth sub-cultures

Question 22

evaluation, abrams 2

Answer 22

1. all young ppl experience the same key events and therefore have similar norms and values
2. youth culture doesnt vary into diff subcultures to the extent sociologists have suggested

Question 23

evaluation, matza 3

Answer 23

1. subcultural theories over predict delinquency
2. most working-class young ppl experience status frustration but dont join anti-social or criminal gangs
3. the few that do join gangs do so temporarily in that they ‘drift’ in and out of delinquency before they grow out of it by adulthood