topic 2 - sub cultural participation

Question 1

social class, ingram 2

Answer 1

1. working class boys created own youth subcultures bc they desired social cohesion and solidarity in working class communities
2. close network of fam and friends were key part of boys habitus, key sense of belonging

Question 2

social class, archer 3

Answer 2

1. working class teens gain symbolic capital through clothes
2. nike = gain social status in group, those who didnt conform would be excluded
3. clothes popular in working class were diff to middle class showing diff in habitus

Question 3

social class, smith and king 4

Answer 3

1. ‘jack wills crowd’ = elite youth subculture
2. students from exclusive group of priv skls (eton, harrow) attend top unis (oxbridge)
3. form network which lets them connections helping with employment and protect wealth
4. ‘rahs’ = jack wills clothes, going on ski trips and posh accent

Question 4

social class evaluation, muggleton 2

Answer 4

1. class, gender and ethnicity no longer significant in defining our culture
2. no need to study how these diff social groups react to societal pressures

Question 5

social class evaluation, lury 2

Answer 5

1. bc of consumer culture, all social groups can access wealthy fashion
2. due to loans, overdrafts and credit cards

Question 6

social class evaluation, skeggs 2

Answer 6

1. decline of manual jobs and bad media representation led to loss of pride in working class identity
   2, ‘dis-identification’ = less likely to identify as being working class, lack of working class subcultures

Question 7

gender, kimmel 2

Answer 7

1. boys and girls conform to traditional notions of gender to avoid bullying
2. female subcultures are passive femininity and male subcultures are hegemonic masculinity

Question 8

gender, mcrobbie 3

Answer 8

1. ‘bedroom culture’ main way girls are involved in their own youth subcultures
   2, whilst being safe at home, girls exercise freedom and youth through ‘teeny bop’ culture with their friends
2. read magazines, listen to music and gossip at sleepovers

Question 9

gender, hey 3

Answer 9

1. ‘hyper-femininity’ girls exaggerate feminine appearance and highly concerned with beauty and fashion
2. middle class girls have money to be immaculately groomed, styling is symbolic capital gaining them status
3. middle class girls see it as a distinction against working class girls, less able to gain hyper-feminine appearance

Question 10

gender, frosh 2

Answer 10

1. key part of hegemonic masculinity is being sporty
2. boys gain status by being good at sports, relate to eachother in convos

Question 11

gender, kimmel 2

Answer 11

1. mostly white 16-26 yr olds ‘living in guyland’, space between boyhood and manhood
2. fun in guyland is watching sports and playing video games

Question 12

gender evaluation, mac an ghail 3

Answer 12

1. challenged notion that boys are involved in deviant subcultures and found 2 types of male ‘pro-school’ subcultures
2. academic achievers = achieve success by focusing on traditional subjects
3. new enterprisers = study subjects like business and computing to achieve upward mobility by exploiting school-industry links to their advantage

Question 13

gender evaluation, simpson 2

Answer 13

1. boys have a more metrosexual style
2. focus on fashion, appearance and going gym

Question 14

gender evaluation, jackson

Answer 14

ladette culture, not based on passive femininity. laddish behaviour

Question 15

gender evaluation, blackman 3

Answer 15

1. ‘assertive feminity’ = groups of girls highly visible in school
2. membership of group gave them confidence to challenge sexism and male culture of skl
3. feminists say that this type of femininity emerged due to changes they helped to create

Question 16

gender evaluation, muggleton

Answer 16

class, gender and ethnicity dont matter

Question 17

ethnicity, sewell

Answer 17

cultural comfort zones

Question 18

asian ethnicity, johal 2

Answer 18

1. some british asians adopted ‘hyper-ethnic’ style
2. ‘empowerment through difference’ = exaggerated cultural style in terms of dress, watching indian films and traditional music

Question 19

black ethnicity, alexander 2

Answer 19

1. ‘being black’ important to black youths
2. act stereotypically to fit in

Question 20

black ethnicity, mirza 2

Answer 20

1. ‘young, female and black’ = black girls form pro skl subcultures and motivated to achieve academic success
2. high aspirations and black female role models, confident in themselves and future

Question 21

white ethnicity, hall 2

Answer 21

1. in areas of low white ppl, white ppl form exclusive subcultures
2. cultural resistance to change and protect ‘britishness’

Question 22

hybrid ethnicity, cashmore 3

Answer 22

1. ‘gansta rap’ = concept of youth hybridity
2. begain in 1960s jamaica and became popular in black neighbourhoods of new york by 1970s. promoted worldwide by 1980s
3. original rap changing to adapt to variety of youth orientated circumstances

Question 23

hybrid ethnicity, back 2

Answer 23

1. local youths from all ethnic backgrounds developed shared ethnicity based on mixed ethnicity and ‘neighbourhood nationalism’
2. feeling of solidarity with ppl from same area

Question 24

hybrid ethnicity, polhemus (evaluation for ethnicities)

Answer 24

supermarket of style. young ppl pick when constructing identity